Common rowan: planting and care, description of types and varieties, reviews

Rowan is a very popular ornamental crop, which is highly resistant to negative temperatures, pests, diseases and stress. Rowan blooms in the spring, but depending on weather conditions, air humidity, soil and other factors, this process may shift towards the first summer month. Flowers and fruits usually develop in the fourth year after planting, however, if certain rules and recommendations are not followed, the tree may stop developing and even die.

Types and varieties of rowan

Rowan is a low woody plant from the Rosaceae family. The leaves are large, odd-pinnate, with oblong leaflets (their number ranges from 10 to 23). The flowers are white, numerous, collected in dense inflorescences, and have a strong scent. The fruits are bright (scarlet, orange, red), small, with a characteristic bitterness.

Rowan, familiar from childhood, grows almost throughout Russia.

In addition to the red rowan (Sorbus), there is also the chokeberry (Aronia), which is a plant belonging to a different genus. They are very distant relatives. The name arose due to the similarity of the fruits.

There are many types of rowan, the most famous of which is the common rowan. Found naturally in the temperate climate of Eurasia. The fruits are orange or scarlet, the leaves are imparipinnate. It is divided into two varieties: Moravian and Nevezhinskaya. Almost all modern varieties originated from them.

Burka

Burka is characterized by a compact crown and short stature. The maximum height of the tree is 3 m. The plant quickly begins to bear fruit; gardeners can harvest the first harvest of berries already in the 2nd–3rd year. One tree can bear 35–40 kg of fruit. Usually medium, less often large, berries with a red-brown tint have dense pulp with a sweet and sour taste. The berries can be stored for up to 4 months.

Rowan Burka begins to bear fruit in the 2nd–3rd year

Michurinskaya dessert

A distinctive feature of the Michurinskaya dessert rowan is its early ripening (in the last ten days of July - the first ten days of August), which is two weeks earlier than usual. The tree bears fruit every year and the harvest is plentiful. Large berries from dark red to brown shades are similar to medlar. The sweet and sour taste is characterized by the piquant tartness of rowan. The sugar content is considerable - up to 11%. This sweet-fruited rowan needs quick harvesting; even if the fruits are slightly overripe, they lose their attractiveness and presentation. The best storage method is drying. The berries become like sweet raisins. Michurin dessert rowan is not susceptible to pests and copes well with diseases.

Berries of the Michurinskaya dessert rowan ripen in the last ten days of July - the first ten days of August

Grenade

Pomegranate rowan is the result of crossing the common rowan with hawthorn. The tree reaches a height of 4 m and has an openwork crown. It usually begins to bear fruit in the 3rd year. From one plant you can collect up to 50 kg of tasty fruits. The medium-sized berries have a peculiar faceted shape. When ripe, the dark red fruits become covered with a bluish coating. There is not enough sugar in the berries, only 5–8%, so the taste is sweet and sour, rowan. This variety is good for making jam and making wine. Many people prefer to freeze ripe berries. The variety is resistant to many diseases and pests.

Pomegranate rowan is the result of crossing rowan with hawthorn.

Liquor

A hybrid of the common mountain ash and chokeberry gave birth to the Lickernaya mountain ash. The peculiarity of the variety is its frost resistance. The tree is medium-sized (up to 5 m), produces the first harvest in the 3rd–4th year. The berries become almost black when ripe. Their sugar content is quite high, approximately 9.6%. The berries have a sweet and sour taste and are most often used fresh, although they are also suitable for processing.

The fruits of the rowan liqueur can be eaten fresh.

Scarlet large

Large scarlet rowan received its name for the color of the fruits and their size (more than 2 g). The tree reaches a height of 6 m. The crown of the rowan tree is spreading, wide-pyramidal in shape. The leaves are large, compound, odd-pinnate. In summer they are shiny, dark green in color. The hybrid is frost-resistant and can withstand winters with temperatures down to -50°C without loss.

Large Scarlet mountain ash tolerates severe frosts

Kashmiri

The tree of this winter-hardy variety grows up to 4 m in height. Its homeland is the Himalayas, the variety has proven itself well in the Leningrad region. The berries are white, arranged in large, heavy clusters. The diameter of one berry reaches 10–12 mm. The green, imparipinnate leaves turn yellow-orange in autumn.

Cashmere rowan produces unusual white berries

Titanium

The Titan variety is created from mountain ash in combination with red-leaved apple and pear. This hybrid has proven itself among Russian gardeners, as it has shown high resistance to adverse natural conditions. Fruiting occurs already in the second season after planting. The berries are quite large, reaching 2 g. When ripe, the dark cherry-colored fruits are covered with a bluish coating. The pulp of the berries is bright yellow with a sweet and sour taste. After drying, the berries become similar to the usual raisins.

Rowan variety Titan is resistant to adverse natural conditions

Gorgeous

The Beauty variety was the result of crossing a pear with a mountain ash. The tree is medium-sized (up to 5 m), with a pyramidal, slender crown. Large berries (more than 10 mm in diameter) of yellow color ripen on Krasavitsa. The fruits have a pleasant sweet-sour taste, therefore suitable for both fresh consumption and storage. The hybrid is frost-resistant and undemanding to the soil.

Rowan berries Krasavitsa - quite large, yellow in color

Rowan is crossed with plants of other species. As a result, the hybrids Sorbania (rowanberry and chokeberry), Sorbapyrus (rowanberry and pear), Amelosorbus (rowanberry and serviceberry), Krategosorbuz (rowanberry and hawthorn), Malosorbus (rowanberry and apple tree) were obtained.

Chemical composition

The beneficial and medicinal properties of mountain ash are determined by the components in its chemical composition, which varies depending on the variety. The fruits contain flavonoids (isoquercitrin, sheritin, quercitrin, spireoside, etc.), parasorboside glycoside, epigallocatechin, sorbitol alcohol, cyanine chloride, sugars (sorbose, glucose - up to 3.8%, fructose - up to 4.3%, sucrose - up to 0.7%), tannins and bitter substances, essential oil. Acids are represented by the following:

lemon,
apple,
wine,
sorbic acid,
gall,
protocatechin. 6, 14

In addition, vitamins were found in the fruits of mountain ash: carotene (up to 18 mg%), beta-carotene epoxide, ascorbic acid (up to 160 mg%), vitamin P. As well as the following macro- and microelements: potassium (16.5 mg/g ), calcium (2.2 mg/g), magnesium (1 mg/g), iron (0.04 mg/g), manganese (81.7 μg/g), aluminum (26.96 μg/g), barium (18.32 µg/g), zinc (8.64 µg/g), copper (4.96 µg/g), boron (4.8 µg/g), strontium (4.4 µg/g), lead (1.04 µg/g), nickel (1.04 µg/g), etc. 6, 14

The bitterness of the fruits is given by the glycoside of sorbic acid, which is destroyed when the first frost occurs, as a result of which the level of sorbic acid increases and the fruits of rowan berries become sweeter. 6

The seeds contain amygdalin glycoside and fatty oil (up to 22%), and the leaves of mountain ash contain flavonoids and ascorbic acid (about 200 mg%). Quercitrin and spireoside were found in the flowers, and tannins were found in the bark. 6, 14

Important! The information presented in the material is for informational purposes only. Before use, be sure to consult a specialist.

Planting rowan

Many varieties of mountain ash tolerate transplantation well and take root quickly in a new location. To obtain this result, you need to follow a few simple rules.

September is ideal for planting and transplanting rowan seedlings.
A tree requires a hole measuring at least 60x60 cm.
To fill the hole, use a mixture of rotted manure with peat compost and topsoil. You can add 100–200 g of ash and superphosphate.
Before planting, it is better to dip the roots into a clay mixture, then place them on a mound made in the middle of the hole and straighten them. The root collar of the plant should be located at ground level.
The plant must be watered thoroughly (2-3 buckets per hole). It is necessary to water each layer of soil, then no voids will form under the roots of the seedling.
The planted tree must be tied to a stake, and ideally to three tied sticks inclined towards the tree. This will create a protective frame for the seedling.

It is a mistake to trample the soil with your feet after planting. This leads to severe soil compaction and impairs the functioning of microorganisms.

Rowan is a tall tree, so it is worth ensuring that it does not shade other plantings. To obtain a higher yield of berries, it is necessary to plant several varieties of rowan on the site. The trees are located 5–6 m from each other.

Transplanting rowan to a new place

You can replant rowan according to its planting scheme. The only thing that needs to be taken into account is deep digging of the root system. If you have the skill of grafting plants, it is quite possible to dig up a wild mountain ash in the forest and transfer it to the garden. After complete rooting (usually next year), several cuttings of different varieties should be grafted onto the wildflower.

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Rowan propagation

To grow rowan, it is customary to use two methods: vegetative and seed. Species rowan usually reproduces by seeds. Preparing seeds for sowing occurs in the fall.

Ripe berries are selected, the seeds are removed from them, the pulp is thoroughly washed and dried.
Rowan seeds need to be cleared of pulp and dried.
Then the seeds are sown in the ground to a depth of 10 cm and mulched with fallen leaves. You can sow seeds in spring. It is important not to forget to start preparing them for sowing in advance.
The preparation procedure is carried out as follows: rowan seeds are mixed with coarse sand in a ratio of 1:3.
The resulting mixture is kept for 6–8 weeks at room temperature.
For the next 2–4 months, the seeds and sand are stored in the refrigerator, placed in a vegetable drawer.
Sowing is done after the snow melts. You can sow seeds in a greenhouse or special boxes. Until autumn, the seedlings remain in one place, they are watered, periodically weeded, and the soil is loosened. In the fall, the seedlings are transplanted into a mini-bed (the so-called shkolka).
Seedlings obtained from seeds begin to produce crops in the 4th–5th year.

Valuable rowan varieties are usually propagated vegetatively. For this purpose, grafting, shoots or layering, green or lignified cuttings are used. A traditional rootstock for grafting can be a rowan tree. Budding (grafting) is carried out in April, when sap flow begins. If the spring deadlines are missed, then budding can be carried out in late July - early August. The bandage is removed from the vaccination site after 20–25 days.

Habitat

The mountain ash has become widespread throughout the CIS. It can be found in almost all regions of the European part, Ukraine, Crimea, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Amur region, the Far East, Kamchatka, as well as in the mountains of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. 7, 10

Where does it grow

Common mountain ash is common in the undergrowth of coniferous and mixed forests, in clearings, forest edges, along the banks of reservoirs (rivers, lakes), in forest belts, thickets of bushes, in fields, along roads, as well as on streets, in parks, squares, gardens, in personal gardens. areas near houses. 7, 8

Grows singly or in small groups. 8

Growing rowan

To grow rowan in the garden, you need to perform the usual operations when caring for fruit trees.

Watering

It is necessary to water rowan immediately after planting in a permanent place, as well as at the beginning of the growing season or during a period of prolonged absence of precipitation. It is advisable to provide additional moisture 10–15 days before harvesting, as well as 10–15 days after harvesting. Each tree requires up to 3 buckets of water.

Loosening

Loosening the soil around the mountain ash is carried out several times during the spring-summer season. The first time to loosen the soil is in early spring. In summer, loosening is carried out 2–3 times. It is best to produce it on the second day after rain or watering. Afterwards, the soil around the trunk is mulched with organic matter.

Fertilizer application

In the 3rd year of life, the rowan tree needs the first feeding, which is carried out in early spring. You need 5–7 kg of humus or compost and 50 g of ammonium nitrate (per tree). The best time for the next feeding is the beginning of June. Rowan is watered with mullein solution (in a ratio of 1:5), you can use bird droppings (in a ratio of 1:10). 10 liters of solution per tree will be enough. Instead of organic matter, you can use Agrolife fertilizer. In August-early September the last feeding is carried out. This will require 2 tbsp. wood ash and 0.5 tbsp. superphosphate.

Rowan pruning

In the 2nd year of life, the tree needs to undergo the first pruning to avoid thickening of the crown and create a strong skeleton. When forming a pyramidal crown, it is important to consider that shoots growing at right angles to the main trunk are initially removed. Next are branches growing at an acute angle, since they lack strength. Therefore, the gardener should try to preserve the skeletal branches of those that grow at an obtuse angle.

You shouldn’t get too carried away with pruning; it can do more harm than good. If the bark of the trunk and main skeletal branches is pruned too often, it can be so exposed that there is a risk of sunburn.

Tree pruning is divided into three types:

sanitary pruning (as necessary, when you need to remove broken, dried or diseased branches);
rejuvenating pruning is required to restore the strength of the tree. The need for it appears if the plant growth does not exceed 10–12 cm per year, but the yield remains high. It is carried out in two steps: in the first year, 50% of the branches are pruned, and the same amount will remain for the next year. Strong anti-aging pruning is needed when there is no growth or it is no more than 5 cm per year, and the yield is also reduced. It consists of rejuvenating skeletal (semi-skeletal) branches into wood every 6–7 years. At the same time, mineral feeding of the tree is necessary;
growth restriction pruning is needed to coordinate the height of the tree. It is carried out in the 8th–10th year of the rowan tree’s life, and is especially relevant for varieties of the so-called “folk” selection. As a result of pruning, the central sprout is removed, replacing it with any branch from the upper tier.

Rowan needs annual pruning

Pruning rowan in spring

It is best to prune rowan while the buds have not yet swelled, that is, in early spring. Each wound exceeding 3 cm in diameter must be treated with garden varnish. Covering the wound will protect the rowan from infection with diseases, prevent drying out and accelerate the formation of callus.

Pruning a mature tree in early spring involves thinning the middle of the tree's crown, as well as directing the central conductor to a side branch. In addition, be sure to remove damaged and dry branches.

A young tree should not be heavily pruned, because this leads to the development of shoots and, accordingly, to a decrease in yield.

Video: pruning rowan

Contraindications

With all its numerous beneficial and medicinal properties, rowan berries have contraindications that must be taken into account, especially when taking a course.

Some printed sources indicate that fruit preparations are indicated for thrombophlebitis. However, the fruits tend to increase blood clotting and are not recommended for use if there is increased blood clotting and a tendency to form blood clots. If you have such a disease, it is better not to take risks and be sure to consult with an experienced specialist before starting treatment. 16, 21

Fresh juice and berries can be harmful for stomach and duodenal ulcers. Also, fruit preparations are contraindicated in case of increased acidity of gastric juice and hypotonic dyskinesia. 5, 21

Important! It should be remembered that a side effect of mountain ash is the prevention of pregnancy. 21

Sources:

1 – S.Ya. Sokolov, I.P. Zamotaev. Handbook of medicinal plants - Rowan, p. 374.

2 – L.G. Dudchenko, V.V. Krivenko. Healing food plants – Rowan, pp. 147-148.

3 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Application in other areas, p.251.

4 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Pharmacological properties, p.251.

5 – Grandmother. Encyclopedia of Traditional Medicine - V. V. Reshetnyak. Herbalist – Volume XIX – Medicinal plants, pp. 63-64

6 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Chemical composition, pp. 250-251.

7 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan, p.250.

8 – Ivashin D.S. Katina Z.F. Medicinal plants of Ukraine – Rowan, pp. 233-234.

9 – L.G. Dudchenko, A.S. Kozyakov. Spicy-aromatic and spicy-flavoring plants – Rowan, pp. 204-206.

10 – A.P. Popov. Medicinal plants in folk medicine – Rowan, pp. 217-218.

11 – Advice from the traditional healer Evdokia. Herbalist. Illustrated reference book – Common mountain ash – Description, page 236.

12 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Collection and drying of raw materials, p.250.

14 – Advice from the folk healer Evdokia. Herbalist. Illustrated reference book – Rowan – Chemical composition, page 236.

15 – Advice from the traditional healer Evdokia. Herbalist. Illustrated reference book – Alphabetical list of plants indicating their medicinal properties and use in folk medicine – Rowan – Description, page 420.

16 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Pharmacological properties, page 251.

17 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants - Rowan - Use in Medicine, page 251.

18 – Rim Akhmedov. Plants are your friends and foes - Common mountain ash, pp. 309-311.

19 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Dosage forms, route of administration and doses, page 251.

20 – A.P. Popov. Medicinal plants in folk medicine – Rowan – Methods of use, p. 218.

21 – I.N. Putyrsky, V. Prokhorov. Universal Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants – Rowan – Contraindications and possible side effects, page 251.

Diseases and pests of rowan

Despite the fact that rowan is susceptible to almost all diseases and pests of fruit trees, it shows enviable resistance. Birds can greatly harm a mature rowan crop.

Experienced gardeners claim that no diseases will appear on a healthy seedling with proper care. Diseases appear only in weakened plants.

There are some types of diseases that cannot be cured: any type of necrosis, some types of mosaic. It is better to prevent them using preventive measures. Prevention of diseases fatal to mountain ash consists of a thorough examination of seedlings, proper planting of the tree and proper care for it. Virus-carrying insects that appear from time to time must be mercilessly destroyed.

Table: preparations for controlling rowan pests

Rowan pest	A drug to destroy it
Weevil	Karbafos
Bark beetles	Aktar, Konfidor, Lepidotsid
Moths	Chlorophos, Cyanix, Karbafos
Rowan gall mites	Colloidal sulfur
Rowan moth	Chlorophos
Green apple aphid	Aktellik, Decis
Shchitovka	30 plus

Preventative treatment against pests is used. In early spring, it’s a good idea to add Nitrafen to the soil under rowan trees, and also treat the tree itself with it. Before the sap begins to flow, you can spray the rowan tree with a solution of copper sulfate (100 g per 10 liters of water).

A well-proven method of protecting rowan leaves with an infusion of white mustard. To do this, you need to pour 10 g of mustard powder into 1 liter of water and leave for 24 hours. For the finished solution, you need to dilute the resulting mixture with water in a ratio of 1:5.

Interesting Facts

Medicinal and decorative properties are not the only advantages of this wonderful tree. Very high-quality joinery products are made from mountain ash wood. Its distinctive properties are hardness and elasticity. In ancient times, this wood was mainly used to make spinning wheels and spindles. In addition, rowan can serve as a mother plant for other members of its family, for example, pear and quince.

One of the most interesting varieties of rowan is considered to be large-fruited (Sorbus domestica). It was bred in Crimea by the Crimean Tatars. The fruits of this variety can be pear-shaped or round. At the same time, they reach a diameter of about 3.5 cm and a weight of 20 g. Their taste is simply wonderful. However, this variety requires shelter for the winter and is far from being as unpretentious as ordinary varieties. In some regions it is believed that rowan is a widow's tree. If you cut it down, there will be a dead person in the house.

At the beginning of the 20th century, rowan was used to prepare tinctures on an industrial scale. They were made from fruits of the ignorant variety. However, the tincture was called “Nezhinskaya”. Why its manufacturers chose this name is still unknown. It was believed that this was done in order to confuse competitors. There was also an opinion that the tincture was given this name because “unfeminine” sounds more pleasant than “ignorant”. By the way, it was in the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir region, that rowan varieties with sweet fruits without bitterness were first discovered. Subsequently they spread throughout Russia.

You can see a beautiful photo of the mountain ash tree just above. People call its fruits berries. However, from a biological point of view, they are nothing more than apples. The presence of rare vitamin P in them puts rowan in one of the first places among all medicinal plants. It is its presence in the juice that explains the ability of the fruits of this tree to eliminate irritability, insomnia and general weakness of the body.

Well, we hope we have given a sufficiently detailed description of such an interesting tree as rowan. High decorative qualities and unpretentiousness make it more than advisable to use it as a decoration for the courtyards of private houses and cottages, as well as city streets.

Botanical description [edit | edit code ]

Tree. Reaches 12 m in height (usually 5-10 m). The crown is rounded, openwork (reaches more than 5.5 m in width).

Young shoots are grayish-red, pubescent. The bark of mature trees is smooth, light gray-brown or yellow-gray, shiny.

The leaves are up to 20 cm long, alternate, odd-pinnate, consist of 7-15 almost sessile lanceolate or elongated, pointed, serrated along the edge leaflets, entire at the bottom and serrate at the top, green above, usually matte, noticeably paler and pubescent below. In autumn, the leaves turn golden and red.

Taxonomy [edit | edit code ]

Many previously described rowan species were later combined with the species Sorbus aucuparia

, and their names became part of the synonymy of the species:

Synonyms [edit | edit code]

Sorbus altaica Koehne
Sorbus amurensis Koehne
Sorbus anadyrensis Kom.
Sorbus aucuparia var. typica C.K.Schneid.
Sorbus boissieri CKSchneid.
Sorbus boissieri var. adsharica Sosn.
Sorbus camschatcensis Kom.
Sorbus glabrata (Wimm. & Grab.) Hedl.
Sorbus kamtschatcensis Kom.
Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. — Rowan Pohuashan
Sorbus pohuashanensis var. amurensis (Koehne) YLChou & SLTung
Sorbus polaris Koehne

Aucuparia sylvestris Medik.
Mespilus aucuparia (L.) Scop.
Pyrenia aucuparia (L.) Clairv.
Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn.
Pyrus aucuparia var. typica (CKSchneid.) Asch. & Graebn.
Pyrus rossica ADDanilov

Infravids [edit | edit code]

Other species began to be considered as subspecies or forms of mountain ash: Several subspecies and forms are distinguished:

Sorbus aucuparia subsp. maderensis (Lowe) McAll.
Sorbus aucuparia subsp. pohuashanensis (Hance) McAll.
Sorbus aucuparia subsp. praemorsa (Guss.) Nyman
Sorbus aucuparia subsp. sibirica (Hedl.) Krylov [syn. Sorbus sibirica Hedl. — Siberian rowan]
Sorbus aucuparia f. xanthocarpa (Hartwig[es] & Rümpler) Rehder

The status of some varieties remains uncertain:

Sorbus aucuparia var. fastigiata (Loudon) Hartwig & Rümpler
Sorbus aucuparia var. xanthocarpa hort. ex Hartwig & Rümpler