general information
You may know viola as pansy. Even in the monasteries, these unpretentious, but very beautiful and graceful flowers were cultivated. And over time, breeders got down to business and developed many spectacular garden forms.
Viola has dark, serrated leaves, most often heart-shaped. They are quite large and assembled into a rosette. The flowers can be very small, about 2 cm, but they can also be quite impressive - up to 10 cm in diameter. They are always asymmetrical because the three petals point upward.
Photo: moydom.moscow
Viola Valentino
Viola Valentino (Italian Viola Valentino , real name Virginia Minnetti , Virginia Minnetti , b. July 1, 1949) is an Italian pop singer.
Virginia Minnetti was born in 1949. In 1968, she began her music career under the pseudonym Virginia, when her first single, Dixie, was released. A little later, she began singing with her husband in a duet called Renzo & Virginia (Renzo and Virginia), which did not gain much success. For some time, Virginia also worked as a fashion model.
Virginia was later noticed by Giancarlo Lucariello, producer of the then famous Italian rock band Pooh. He created for her the image of a sexy, but at the same time elegant and sophisticated girl; The singer’s manner of performing her songs in a muffled voice later became her most striking distinctive feature.
In 1978, the singer recorded her only album as part of the rock group Fantasy. The producer of this album, called Uno (“One”), was Giancarlo Lucariello.
In 1979, Virginia began performing under the pseudonym Viola Valentino. Her first song Comprami (“Buy me”) immediately brought her fame and was sold out in large quantities in Italy and Spain.
In 1980, two more famous songs by Viola Valentino were released - Sei una bomba (“You are a bomb”) and Anche noi facciamo pace (“We too will make peace”). At the same time, her first album Cinema was released.
In 1982, Viola Valentino participated for the first time in the Sanremo competition with the song Romantici (“Romantics”), which subsequently also sold out in large numbers.
In the same year, the singer’s second album In primo piano (“In the Foreground”) and one of her most famous songs, Sola (“Alone”), was released.
Important
At this time, Viola Valentino is at the peak of her popularity, and she is invited to star in the film Delitto sull'autostrada ("Crime on the Freeway").
In 1983 she again participates in Sanremo with the song Arriva arriva ("Come, come"). From this time on, interest in the singer gradually began to fade away. At this time, Viola Valentino starred in two more films - Due strani papà (Two Strange Popes, 1983) and Le volpi della notte (Night Foxes, 1986).
In 1986, the song Il posto della luna (“Place of the Moon”) was released, which had minor success.
In 1991, the collection Un angelo dal cielo (“Angel from Heaven”) was published, including all the best songs of Viola Valentino.
Interesting Facts
For some time, Viola Valentino was married to the famous Italian singer Riccardo Fogli, which also contributed to the growth of her fame; then, however, they divorced.
Viola Valentino's photo has appeared on the cover of Playboy magazine twice.
Source: https://radio.obozrevatel.com/group/20176
Types of viola
Even before the artificial breeding of decorative varieties, dozens of varieties of viola already existed in nature. And no wonder, because it is found all over the world!
Viola Wittrock
By far the most popular variety of viola, and it is also a hybrid of several species with a tricolor violet. In fact, it was this flower that was originally nicknamed pansies for its characteristic colors. There are dwarf, giant and ampelous varieties.
Photo: versal-sad.ru
Fragrant viola
The most fragrant variety is most reminiscent of classic violets in blue and purple shades. Fragrant viola is a star in perfumery, cosmetology and folk medicine.
Photo: fragrantica.ru
Viola Williams
Another hybrid, but based on the Wittrock viola itself. The height of the bushes reaches 30 cm, and the diameter of the flowers is up to 4 cm. The colors are bright and variegated, but without the characteristic eye spots.
Photo: bloomingarden.ru
Horned viola
This is a perennial species with a characteristic growth near the bud, which gives rise to its unusual name. The bushes grow up to 25 cm and are densely covered with flowers 5 cm in diameter.
Photo: agbina.ru
Moth viola
It is also called Sororia, and is a small primrose up to 20 cm in height. With proper care at the end of summer, the butterfly viola can bloom again.
Photo: prolisok.com.ua
spotted viola
In addition to one- and two-color varieties, there are spectacular variegated forms. Terry varieties and varieties with corrugated petals are especially good.
Photo: fotoload.ru
Pushkinia (60 photos): types, planting and care in open ground
How to distinguish a violin from a viola and cello. Viola: interesting facts, video, history, photos, listen
01.03.2019
Violin
- an instrument that is called both the “queen of instruments” and the “queen of the orchestra.” A huge number of works have been written for solo violin and accompanied by an orchestra; even musical notation begins with studying the clef, called the treble clef.
Alto
, although it is a close relative of the violin, does not receive such attention. Most often it is perceived simply as a large violin, and not as an independent instrument.
For a long time, the viola was the “loser violin”; it was believed that if a violinist showed no promise, he could be retrained as a violist.
Recently, the viola has become popular, and truly talented musicians have appeared who fill out the halls.
The appearance of the violin is quite vague. Let's dwell on one of the generally accepted versions: the ancestors of both the violin and the viola were stringed instruments called viols. They differed from the violin in that they had a flatter shape, six or seven strings, and were played with the instrument resting on the knee.
Advice
In the sixteenth century there was already a clear division into two families: viols and violins. But some researchers argue that the first in the violin family were not violins at all; they appeared a little later, but violas.
They were the first to be introduced into orchestras and gradually began to replace the quiet-sounding viols.
Structure
The violin belongs to the high register strings and consists of a body and a neck. The body is two decks connected by strips of wood, shells. Inside the case there is a damper that transmits vibration between the decks.
A headstock is attached to the top soundboard, onto which the strings are attached. On one side, the neck is attached to the body, its lower part is attached to the neck, which passes into the head of the violin.
The neck has special holes for pegs, which are used to tune the violin.
Externally, a viola can easily be confused with a violin: soundboards, neck, four strings. But it is significantly larger than the body of a violin, from 385 to 445 mm, and the neck is also longer. This instrument is more massive than a violin. And the musician who plays this instrument must also be of a fairly strong build and have strong hands.
Viola care
Caring for a viola is quite simple if you initially maintain a balance in everything. Moderate watering, moderate lighting and moderate fertilizing are what you need!
Temperature
Viola is a heat-loving plant that prefers temperatures of about 15-20 degrees. Short-term rapid changes have almost no effect on the flower, but prolonged drought or frost can be destructive.
Photo: funart.pro
Lighting
Light partial shade is best for viola. Excess sun causes burns and leads to a decline in flowering. And due to its lack, the buds become small and open weakly.
Photo: mykaleidoscope.ru
Watering
Young bushes and seedlings need to be constantly moistened, but at the same time avoiding stagnation of water. Adult bushes are watered only when the soil dries out. Spraying is not necessary for viola, and the above-ground part of the plant should not be wetted at all.
Photo: prorastet.ru
The soil
When planting seedlings, we recommend using ready-made soil mixture for violets. It can also be added to garden soil when preparing the site. Add fertilizer to poor soil in advance.
Photo: cvetkoffandbuketoff.ru
Fertilizers and fertilizing
Viola is fed throughout the season every 2-3 weeks. Use mineral fertilizers for flowering plants, for violets and saintpaulias, or simply mixtures based on potassium and phosphates.
Photo: sadogorod25.ru
Pinching and trimming
To keep the viola bushes neat and even, they can be pinched as they grow. Trim shoots that are too tall into cuttings and to stimulate branching. But you shouldn’t pick off flowers either during or after flowering.
Photo: yandex.ru
Wintering
Frost-resistant varieties of viola tolerate winter directly in the ground, but always under cover of leaves or spruce branches. Before doing this, stop watering and fertilizing in advance, and then cut off the ground part.
Photo: centr-sadovoda.ru
Helenium (50 photos): types, care and planting in open ground
Home care
Planting and caring for perennial viola is not difficult , but the plant requires certain conditions. For abundant flowering, it requires bright but diffuse lighting. Direct sunlight causes the soil to dry out.
Watering should be daily and plentiful. The viola flower does not tolerate excess moisture, which can cause rotting of the leaves and the development of root rot.
Regular application of mineral fertilizers will help prolong flowering. Mineral compositions are applied twice a month. It is recommended to use complex formulations for feeding. Viola flowers do not respond well to the application of organic fertilizers.
Plantings should be weeded regularly, removing weeds that deprive the plants of moisture and light. In order to prolong flowering time, dried flowers should be removed. Loosening the soil enriches it with oxygen and promotes the growth of flowers, and is also a means of preventing the development of certain diseases.
Planting and propagation of viola
In the garden, viola reproduces excellently by self-sowing, but if you need a certain shape of a flower bed, and not a flower carpet, this is not very convenient. When planting seeds in open ground in the first year, the viola only takes root, and will bloom in the second.
To speed up the process, plant the seedlings in February, slightly burying the seeds in loose soil. They germinate under the film, and in just 3 weeks they can be picked. The seedlings are transplanted into open ground in May, and by summer they will take root and bloom.
Healthy cuttings with 2-3 nodes can be rooted in May directly in the ground, but strictly in the shade. Monitor the humidity and, if necessary, build a greenhouse from a jar. In a couple of weeks, such a cutting will take root and bloom by summer.
Photo: forum-flower.ru
Viola - sowing seeds for seedlings
Sowing viola for seedlings at home is quite simple, but there are some nuances. So if you take soil from the store for sowing, then add river sand to it in a ratio of 2:1. You can prepare the soil yourself. To do this, mix turf soil, peat, humus and sand in equal parts, sift and steam to protect future seedlings from diseases and pests. Wash shallow containers thoroughly and disinfect them in a strong solution of potassium permanganate.
When to plant viola seedlings? Favorable time: end of February or beginning of March. But if you wish, you can sow the seeds before the end of March and April; in this case, flowering will simply be pushed back closer to autumn. The second half of March is considered even more favorable, because... There will be no urgent need to additionally illuminate the seedlings.
Carefully select seeds for sowing, and before the procedure, treat them in a pink solution of potassium permanganate and a growth stimulant (Epin, Zircon, etc.). Next, planting viola seeds for seedlings goes like this. Fill the containers with soil, moisten it and make grooves 0.5 cm deep at a distance of about 1 cm from each other. Sow the seeds at intervals of 1-2 cm, then sprinkle them with soil and cover the seedling box with film or glass. Place the “greenhouse” in a warm (20-25°C) and dark place. Ventilate the crops twice a day to prevent the soil from becoming moldy. After 7-10 days, when shoots appear, move the container to a bright place or illuminate the plants with a phytolamp.
Many gardeners successfully practice sowing pansies without planting them in the ground. This speeds up germination. To do this, simply spread the seeds on the surface of moist soil at a distance of 1-2 cm from each other and place the container in a dark and warm room. Or you can just lightly dust the seeds with soil.
Pest and disease control
Natural types of viola have excellent immunity, but garden forms often suffer from fungus. The most dangerous problems are blackleg and root rot, which occur in both seedlings and adult plants. The affected flowers will simply have to be destroyed, and then dry the soil and sprinkle it with coal or ash.
Spotting, rust and powdery mildew are less common. They are easily recognized by spots and plaque of different colors and shapes. And you can still fight this fungus! Remove diseased leaves and shoots and treat the flowerbed with fungicides.
Viola is very fond of spider mites and aphids, which drink the vital juices of the plant. In small quantities, a soap solution helps, but in larger quantities, insecticides are already needed. It's the same with slugs, just first collect all the pests you notice by hand.
Photo: pixnio.com
Clarkia (50 photos): types, care and planting in open ground
History of the violin | Music
History of the violin
“And since then everyone knows about the violin family,
and it is unnecessary to say or write anything about it.”
M. Pretorius.
Before we start talking about the great masters who created magical violins, let's find out where this instrument came from, why it is what it is and, in general, what is so special about it that it has been disturbing our minds and hearts for half a thousand years...
Now, it is probably impossible to say exactly in which country and even in what century she was born. What is known is that the violin acquired its modern appearance in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century, thanks to the works of the great Italian masters.
The violin, as the most common bowed string instrument, is not without reason called the “queen of the orchestra.” And not only the fact that there are more than a hundred musicians in a large orchestra and one third of them are violinists confirms this.
note
The expressiveness, warmth and tenderness of her timbre, the melodiousness of her sound, as well as her enormous performing capabilities rightfully give her a leading position both in the symphony orchestra and in solo practice. Of course, we all imagine the modern appearance of the violin, which was given to it by famous Italian masters, but its origin still remains unclear.
There is still controversy surrounding this issue. There are many versions of the history of this instrument. According to some sources, India is considered the birthplace of bowed instruments.
Some suggest China and Persia. Many versions are based on the so-called “hard facts” from literature, painting, sculpture, or on early documents confirming the origin of the violin in such and such a year, in such and such a city.
From other sources it follows that many centuries before the appearance of the violin as such, almost every cultural ethnic group already had similar bowed instruments and therefore it is impractical to look for the roots of the origin of the violin in certain parts of the world.
Many researchers consider the synthesis of such instruments as the rebec, the guitar-shaped fiddle and the bowed lyre, which arose in Europe around the 13th - 15th centuries, to be a certain prototype of the violin.
The rebek is a three-stringed bowed instrument with a pear-shaped body that smoothly turns into a neck. It has a soundboard with resonator holes in the form of brackets and fifth scale.
Rebek came to Europe from the Middle East. It is much older than the violin, having been known already in the twelfth century. Rebek (French rebec, lat. rebeca, rubeba; goes back to Arab.
rabāb) is an ancient bowed string instrument that influenced the formation of instruments of the entire violin family.
The exact origin is unknown, perhaps in the late Middle Ages rebec was brought to Spain by the Arabs, or the Arabs became acquainted with it after the conquest of Spain.
Important
The peak of popularity for this instrument occurred in the Middle Ages, as well as during the Renaissance.
At first, the rebec was a folk instrument, not a court instrument, used by jugglers, minstrels and other traveling musicians. Later it was also used in church and secular court music.
Moreover, the rebeck sounded not only at social receptions, but also at village holidays. It is also a church instrument, an invariable companion to many religious rituals.
Since the fifteenth century, the rebec has been used only in folk music playing.
Externally, the rebeck looks like an elongated violin. It does not have those sharp bends that are inherent in the body of a violin. In this case, the smoothness of the lines is important. The rebeck has a pear-shaped wooden body, the upper tapering part of which goes directly into the neck.
The body contains strings with a stand, as well as resonating holes. The frets and tuning pegs are located on the neck. The neck is crowned with an original curl, which is the hallmark of the Rebec. Two or three strings of the instrument are tuned in fifths.
The instrument is played with a bow that is moved along the strings. It is important to note that the use of the bow in playing stringed instruments supposedly originated in Asia in the ninth century and spread through Byzantium and Muslim countries throughout Western Europe in the tenth to twelfth centuries. Rebek is one of the first instruments on which it became customary to play with a bow.
The tonal range of the instrument is quite extensive - up to two octaves inclusive. This allows you to perform not only program works on the rebeck, but also various types of improvisations.
This largely explains why rebec was so popular among the people. The tool is quite compact in size. Its total length does not exceed sixty centimeters.
Advice
This allows you to easily transport the instrument without worrying about bulky cases.
Of course, this once again proves the “convenience” of the tool even in everyday life. An interesting fact is that one of the descendants of the rebec was called “pocket”, which translated from French means “small pocket”. This instrument was so small in size that it could easily fit in a dance teacher's pocket. Then, during a rehearsal or ball, the teacher led the part, accompanying him on the poket.
Rebek belongs to the class of accompanying instruments that produce sounds due to the vibration of strings. The musician moves the bow along the strings, causing the strings to vibrate. This is how the sound of the instrument is born. These days, the instrument is classified as rare, but not forgotten. Rebek rightfully occupies an important place in the heritage of world musical culture.
The rebec was once played in fairs, streets, but also in churches and palaces. Images of the rebec remained in psalters, illuminated manuscripts, and in the paintings of cathedrals.
The greatest artists of the Renaissance painted angels and saints who played the rebec: Raphael, Giotto, and the “blessed angelic brother” Fra Beato Angelico...
Raphael - “The Coronation of Mary” (fragment)
Giotto "The Wedding Procession of Mary" (fragment)
As we can see, the tool was quite popular. And yet the reputation of the rebec seemed to be ambivalent.
Just like the minstrels themselves - even though the gift is from God, the artists are still no, no, and they were suspected of something bad. In some places, the rebek was demoted in rank: either he was placed in the underworld among the pagans, or he was given into the clutches of outlandish half-humans - half-beasts of a suspicious appearance.
Viola – photo
A blooming viola carpet looks very fantasy. And all thanks to the unusual colors of modern decorative varieties!
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Main hazards
- Powdery mildew. With this disease, a whitish or ashy coating appears on the stems, leaves and flowers of the plant. The cause may be an excess of nitrogenous fertilizers or heavy morning dew during a drought. Treatment consists of treating the plant with soda ash with Fundazol, soap or ground sulfur 2 times for 14 days.
- Blackleg. The reason is a violation of temperature, air and soil humidity. You need to get rid of infected plants, otherwise the disease will spread to neighboring bushes. And then water the flowerbed with water and Fundazol.
- Spotting is drying of leaf blades and weakening of the plant as a whole. All diseased plants in the flower bed must be removed from the flower garden and burned, since the disease is contagious to other specimens. After this, it is necessary to carry out preventive measures - spraying with Bordeaux mixture. This needs to be done 2-3 times at intervals of two weeks.
- Strawberry nematode. Signs: weak plants, slow growth, hard, wrinkled leaves. Treatment is to remove the affected plants and treat the flowerbed with pesticides.
- The root-knot nematode attacks the root system of the plant. The viola's growth slows down, it begins to wither, losing its beauty. This disease can be identified by the appearance of nodular growths on the roots. It is best to destroy the affected plants and carry out long-term treatment with nematicides.
- Caterpillar of the violet and clover moth. They feed on viola leaves and are able to gnaw them to holes. Treatment with tobacco infusion or chlorophos infusion will help get rid of them.
- Weeds clog violets and prevent their full development, and also contribute to the development of diseases and the appearance of pests.
Attention! When weeding the viola and loosening the soil underneath it, be extremely careful. There is a danger of damaging the plant's root system, which is located very close to the surface.
Don't leave your plants unattended. Regularly remove dry leaves and inspect weeds for pests and signs of disease. Then the plant will delight you with lush and fragrant flowering for a long time.
Wintering and collecting seeds
Before wintering, annual plants are removed from the flowerbed, and perennials need preparation. Viola tolerates frost well, but needs shelter. This can be achieved by sprinkling the plants with fallen leaves, spruce branches, sawdust, or compost.
The seeds ripen towards the end of summer - beginning of autumn. They need to be removed by carefully opening the seed pod, dried in the shade, and placed in the refrigerator, where they will be stored until sowing.
Viola is a small, low-growing plant with fairly large flowers of the most incredible colors, which makes it a decoration for any garden plot, flower bed or flower bed. Proper planting of seedlings will allow you to admire flowering throughout the season. In addition, pansies are quite unpretentious in care, which allowed them to win the love of even experienced gardeners.
Viola seeds =>>
