Salvia: growing seedlings from seeds, planting and garden care

Category: Garden plants.

Sage, or Salvia (lat. Salvia) is a genus of herbaceous perennials and shrubs of the Lamiaceae family, common in the nature of the New and Old Worlds. The name of the genus comes from the word salvus, which means “to be healthy.” According to The Plant List from 2013, there are 986 species in the genus. The salvia flower has been known since ancient times for its medicinal properties, but some species not only bring benefits, but can also provide aesthetic pleasure, since they are highly decorative. Those species of the genus that are grown for medicinal purposes are usually called sage among gardeners, and plants that are primarily valuable for their decorative qualities are called salvia.

Salvia (sage) flowers - description

The tetrahedral, erect or ascending, simple or branched stems of salvia can reach a height of 120 cm. The opposite leaves, located on long petioles, can be entire or pinnately dissected. Sage leaves are dark green on the upper side and lighter green below. Salvia flowers with a two-lipped corolla, the color of which varies from white to purple, form complex whorls of spike-shaped or paniculate inflorescences. The upper lip of the flowers is straight or crescent-shaped or helmet-shaped, the lower lip consists of three lobes, the middle of which is usually much larger than the lateral ones. The salvia fruit is formed from four nuts filled with seeds.

Perennial flowers

Perennial Salvia requires more attention. In addition to traditional care work, it needs regular formative pruning of bushes. Pruning is carried out at least once a month so that the bushes are lush and lonely shoots do not stretch out and spoil the excellent appearance.

After wilting, all inflorescences are removed from the bush. In autumn, the perennial plant requires obligatory pruning of old, woody branches. All damaged and diseased shoots are also cut off.

After pruning, the soil under the bush needs to be mulched, and the bush should be prepared for winter: covered with spruce branches and dry leaves.

Salvia perennial grows very quickly. Therefore, once every 5-7 years you need to rejuvenate the bush.

Interesting! Some flower varieties, such as Salvia lesnaya, can bloom twice a year.

Growing salvia from seeds

Sowing salvia for seedlings

In our conditions, annual salvia is grown by seed, both seedlings and non-seedlings. In regions with a warm and mild climate, the seeds are sown in the ground in the spring or before winter, and in areas with cold winters and late spring, salvia is grown through seedlings, although in the southern regions the seedless method allows you to see the flowering of sage much earlier than when sowing seeds directly in priming. When to plant salvia seeds for seedlings? The best time is the end of February or the beginning of March.

Sow salvia seeds in a box with light seedling substrate, which can be purchased at a garden pavilion or in a specialty store. First, a layer of expanded clay is placed on the bottom of the box, washed with a strong solution of potassium permanganate, then the container is filled with soil, two weeks before, a spilled fungicide solution or a bright pink solution of potassium permanganate. There should be at least 2 cm from the surface of the substrate to the edge of the box walls. The soil is well moistened, after which the box is covered with glass or film and allowed to stand until the morning. Salvia seeds mixed with coarse sand are evenly distributed over the surface of the substrate, lightly pressed against it, sprayed with a spray bottle, covered with glass or film and kept at a temperature of 20-25 ºC until germination.

Caring for salvia seedlings

The seeds will begin to germinate on the 7-10th day, and as soon as the first shoots appear, the crops are moved to the lightest windowsill. For normal development, salvia flower seedlings require a 12-hour daylight hours, and if there is insufficient lighting, install an artificial light source above the box at a height of 20-25 cm - a gel lamp, LED or phytolamp.

Growing salvia during the seedling period requires regular watering and two pickings. When watering the substrate, moderation should be observed, since waterlogging can cause rotting of the base of the seedling stem, or black leg. If you find this problem, immediately remove the glass, stop watering for a while and, after removing the already laid seedlings, sprinkle the surface of the substrate with sand or sifted ash. If the soil becomes soggy, it is better to transplant the seedlings into a new substrate.

The first time salvia is picked is at the stage of development of two true leaves. The seedlings are transplanted into separate cups filled with the same seedling substrate in which the sowing was carried out. After picking, the seedlings are shaded from the sun for 2-3 days. When they develop three pairs of leaves, the tops of the seedlings are pinched for better tillering. In order for the seedlings to grow strong, they are planted a second time in pots with a diameter of 9 cm. Two weeks before transplanting to the flowerbed, the seedlings are subjected to hardening procedures: they are taken out into the open air every day, providing protection from drafts and gradually increasing the duration of the sessions. By the end of the two-week period, salvia from seeds should fully adapt to the environment in which it will soon find itself.

Planting and care

There are 2 planting methods: seed and vegetative.

If you have no particular desire to work with seedlings, sow salvia before winter, or immediately in a permanent place with the onset of spring.

If you want to carry out preliminary preparation and tinker with seedlings, follow these recommendations:

• prepare special containers with loose and well-moistened soil;
• sow seedlings from the 2nd half of February until mid-March;
• sow shallowly (up to 2 mm);
• observe the temperature regime (up to +25°C);
• Water the seedlings regularly using a sprayer.

After sowing, the first shoots will appear within 2 weeks (less often, within a month).

After the first 2-3 leaves have formed, transplant the seedlings into a larger container. The distance between seedlings should be at least 5 centimeters.

Salvia seedlings are planted after 3 weeks.

Transplanting seedlings into the ground

Seedlings are planted in open ground at the very beginning of summer, since frosts are possible even in late spring.

As a rule, sandy types of soil are used, which contain a sufficient amount of lime and humus. Since salvia is a very light-loving plant, open sunny areas are chosen for planting.

The next step is the preparation of holes, on the bottom of which humus is laid. Maintain a distance between holes of 0.2 to 0.4 meters. Sage is planted using the transshipment method.

Planting salvia in open ground

When to plant salvia in the ground

Salvia seedlings are planted in open ground in early June, when warm summer weather sets in. Almost all types of salvia have the advantage of being drought-resistant and grow well in full sun. The only exception is salvia adhesive, which prefers partial shade and rich, moist, nutritious soil, while all other species grow better on dry, lime-rich, not too light, but at the same time permeable soils.

How to plant salvia

Before planting salvia, the area is dug up and leveled. Holes with a volume of one and a half times larger than the root system of seedlings with an earthen ball are placed at a distance of 25-30 cm from each other. Seedlings are transferred from pots to holes, placed in the center, and then the remaining space of the hole is filled with soil. After planting, the surface of the area is compacted and each seedling is watered abundantly at the root. Planting is carried out on a cloudy day, but if the weather is clear, then it is better to plant the seedlings in the flower garden after sunset.

Features of salvia

This rhizomatous plant is essentially a perennial. However, in mid-latitudes it is cultivated as an annual or biennial. There are species that can quite successfully overwinter in open ground, but if the winter is too frosty and the snow cover is scanty, the flower will freeze. Ascending or erect tetrahedral shoots can have a height of up to 1.2 meters. Most often, the leaf blades are whole, but sometimes they are pinnately dissected. They are petiolate and opposite, their front side is dark green in color, and the back side is whitish. At the ends of the shoots there are complex whorled inflorescences, spike-shaped or paniculate, and the length of which can reach from 15 to 20 centimeters. They consist of small flowers. The bracts, which have a bright color (white, purple, pink or lilac), look especially impressive. The fruit of this plant contains 4 nuts. The seeds ripen 4 weeks after the plant blooms. They maintain good germination for 5 years.

Salvia cultivation and care

Caring for salvia in the garden

How to care for salvia

Planting salvia and caring for this crop in the open ground is work that even a novice gardener can handle. You will need to occasionally water the sage, apply fertilizer, loosen the soil in the area, remove weeds and wilted flowers. With insufficient or improper care, it may be necessary to protect the plant from diseases or pests.

Watering and feeding salvia

Salvia does not require regular watering, and in a season with normal amounts and frequency of precipitation, it requires almost no additional soil moisture, since one of the main characteristics of this crop is drought resistance. But sometimes in the summer there is abnormally hot and dry weather, and if this period drags on, the salvia will need to be watered with water heated in the sun in the evenings. The day after watering or rain, you need to carefully loosen the soil in the area and remove weeds.

As for fertilizing, they are applied twice: during the seedling period between the first and second picking and after planting in the ground, when the plant begins to form buds. Mineral complexes are used as fertilizers, and the concentration of the solution in the first fertilizing should be two times weaker than suggested in the instructions.

Salvia after flowering

Salvia blooms in June and fades with the first frost, although each species has its own flowering time. When the plant loses its decorative appearance, dispose of the bushes and dig up the soil in the area to the depth of a spade bayonet. Rare in our latitudes, perennial salvias are cut almost to the ground, and mulched on top for the winter with a layer of garden compost, under which the plant roots can easily overwinter. Young plants are additionally covered with dry leaves or spruce branches.

Possible problems

Even a novice gardener is quite capable of growing salvia. But sometimes mistakes made in care can lead to some problems.

Among them:

1. Salvia does not bloom . The reason for this is most often a lack of light or excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers. In the first case, transplanting to a new place will help, and in the second, feeding with phosphorus-potassium mineral mixtures.
2. The inflorescences dry out prematurely . This occurs due to a lack of moisture and nutritional components. Therefore, it is recommended to increase watering and fertilize.
3. The leaves and shoots lost turgor , but retained their green tint. The reason for this is overwatering, which led to rotting of the root system. Such a plant can be saved only at the initial stage. It is necessary to replant it and water it with Maxim’s solution.

Pests and diseases of salvia

Salvia is extremely resistant to fungal diseases, but it is useless to fight viral or bacterial diseases; you just need to remove the affected plants from the area and prevent the development of these infections using agrotechnical and preventive methods. As for pests, salvia can suffer from aphids, whiteflies and spider mites, especially if the flower garden is located close to vegetable beds. Plants are treated with insecticidal preparations against aphids and whiteflies, and acaricides are used to get rid of spider mites.

Salvia leaves can be damaged by slugs and snails. To protect plants from mollusks, pieces of bark or slate are laid out around the area, which will make it difficult for pests to move, and a small ditch is made around the flowerbed and filled with large crushed stone. You can also catch slugs with bait: dig a glass jar into the ground, literally flush with the surface, and fill it a third with beer or a fermented sweet drink - juice, compote, honey water. Once trapped in a jar, slugs will no longer be able to get out of it.

Types and varieties of salvia

Salvia species are divided into four groups, and we will introduce you to representatives of each of them.

The first group includes salvias that grow in humid subtropical and tropical regions of America. In their natural habitats, these species live for several years, but in our climate they are grown as annuals. They are demanding on temperature and soil moisture and are damaged even by minor frosts. The first group includes such popular salvias as the bright red, powdery and most commonly grown salvia, shiny or sparkling. Salvia divinorum, or Salvia divinorum, also belongs to the first group.

Salvia vermilion is native to South America. This is a subshrub or herbaceous plant from 50 to 70 cm high with straight, densely pubescent branching stems, finely serrated along the edges, petiolate ovoid leaves with a heart-shaped or truncated base and a pointed apex and loose inflorescences up to 20 cm long of 4-8 flowers with a scarlet-red corolla. The long and flexible stems of this species are prone to lodging and require staking, but bright red salvia can also be planted in hanging structures. The best varieties of the species, which are grown specifically as hanging ones, are:

• Lady in Red - a bush 35-40 cm high with bright red flowers;
• Cherry Blossom is an early blooming salvia with pink flowers up to 40 cm high.

Mealy salvia is found in the wild in New Mexico. This is a non-capricious plant characterized by long flowering. The short-haired stems of salvia reach a height of 60 to 90 cm. Petiolate, oblong leaves wavy at the edges can be bare or slightly pubescent along the veins. Whorls consisting of 5-28 dark blue and sometimes white flowers are formed on tall peduncles. The axis of the inflorescence and the calyx are covered with dense pubescence, dark blue or light gray, respectively. The most famous varieties of mealy salvia:

• Victoria is the most famous variety, blooming luxuriantly with dark blue flowers;
• Anschuld - a bush with silvery white flowers;
• Strata is a compact bush with blue inflorescences.

Salvia splendor, or salvia sparkle, is most commonly found in nature in Brazil. This is a perennial plant, which in our climate is grown as an annual crop and forms densely leafy bushes of an obovate shape. Salvia sparkle has opposite, entire, ovate leaves that are dark green above and light green below. Large, irregularly shaped bright red, white, purple or pink flowers are collected in 2-6 pieces in a brush up to 25 cm long.

Plants of this species have become widespread in cultivation since 1822, and today Salvia sparkling is represented by a large number of varieties. Among the cultivars with red flower colors, the most popular are Vesuvius, Fire Flame, Flash, Fire Star, Scarlet Pidgey, Sahara, Fireball and Salvator. Among the varieties with pink flowers, Sizzler Orkid is most often grown, but the two-color hybrids Vista Sharlach Bicolor and Salsa Bicolor are in highest demand. On sale there are mixtures of Parade and Phoenix varieties with flowers of different colors.

The second group of salvias is represented by plants from the Mediterranean. They are perennials that are grown as annuals in cool climates. Compared to representatives of the first group, Mediterranean species are less whimsical, and they can be dug up for the winter and kept in a bright, cool place, and again planted in the garden in the spring. This group includes salvia green (variegated), whorled, dandelion-leaved and Yurisich. However, only one species is popular in gardening.

Salvia variegated, or green, is found in nature in the territory from Southern Europe to Western Asia. The Horminum variety of Salvia variegated with brightly colored bracts has a high decorative value. This plant reaches a height of 40 to 60 cm. It has numerous straight, branching stems, covered with simple and glandular hairs, petiolate oblong leaves, crenate along the edge and also pubescent, and simple inflorescences up to 30 cm long, consisting of pinkish or pale purple flowers with correspondingly bright pink or blue-violet bracts. The best varieties of the species:

• White Swan - bushes up to 60 cm high with creamy white bracts, but on some plants the upper leaves are purple or pink;
• Pink Sandy - salvia up to 60 cm high with pink bracts;
• Oxford Blue is a bush up to 70 cm high with violet-blue bracts.

Sometimes all these varieties are sold in a mix called Bouquet.

The third group includes salvia species that winter in open ground. As a rule, these are herbaceous plants from temperate zones of the Old World. These include salvia oak (forest), sticky, meadow, lush and Ethiopian. For ornamental gardening, only lush salvia, which has a hybrid origin, and forest salvia are of interest.

Salvia lush is a natural hybrid of Salvia sylvestris, a perennial plant reaching a height of 60 cm and blooming profusely with spike-shaped inflorescences of blue-violet flowers. The best varieties:

• Snow Hill - bush with white flowers;
• East Friesland is a compact plant with dark purple inflorescences;
• Blue Hill - a variety with lilac-blue flowers;
• Blue Queen is a drought-tolerant salvia with blue-violet flowers;
• Rose Queen is a plant with pink flowers.

Salvia oak, or forest, grows in dry meadows and steppes of Western Asia and Central Europe. Its stems are branched, straight, pubescent, from 30 to 60 cm high. The lower petiolate leaves with a sharp apex, a rounded or heart-shaped base and a crenate edge have a slightly wrinkled texture. The upper leaves are sessile and small. Inflorescences up to 40 cm long are formed from whorls, each of which consists of 2-6 flowers with a violet-blue corolla. Salvia forest is represented by the following varieties:

• Mainakht is an early variety with dark violet-blue flowers;
• Plumosa is a plant with dark lavender flowers on peduncles up to 40 cm high;
• Marcus is a low-growing variety (25 cm) with dark blue flowers;
• Adrienne - salvia with white flowers;
• Caradonna is a variety with almost black stems and dark purple flowers.

The fourth group is formed by rare and less cultivated species of salvia: swamp, lavender, azure, nutmeg, rejected, drooping, silver and scabiose. So far, these plants are found only in collectors' gardens.

Properties of medicinal sage - harm and benefit

Medicinal properties of sage

The most famous species of the Salvia genus is medicinal sage (lat. Salvia officinalis) , which is known to almost everyone who suffered from toothache and gumboils. This plant with oblong leaves and purple inflorescences reaches a height of 50 cm. The species has been in cultivation since 1597. The following varieties and garden forms of Salvia officinalis have been bred for decorative floriculture:

• Purpurascens is a plant with purple-violet leaves;
• Crim de la Crime is a variety with variegated leaves;
• Tricolor is a plant with beige-yellow leaves with purple splashes.

As a medicinal plant, sage is widely used in folk medicine. Hippocrates also pointed out its healing properties, who recommended taking the plant to prolong youth and restore strength. Sage inflorescences and leaves contain essential oil, which includes linalool, aromatic resins, acetic and formic acid, flavonoids, tannins and pinene. The roots of the plant contain coumarin, and the seeds contain fatty oil. Thanks to its composition, sage has a pronounced antimicrobial, restorative, anti-inflammatory, emollient, diuretic, antiseptic, astringent, antipyretic and hemostatic effect, it can reduce sweating and increase the amount of gastric juice, increasing the secretory activity of the digestive organs.

The healing properties of sage determine the use of its preparations in the treatment of kidney and liver diseases, digestive organs, viral infections, sore throat, mumps, gingivitis, neuritis, polyarthritis, radiculitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, diabetes, headaches and gynecological diseases. And when used externally, sage helps heal wounds, ulcers, boils, burns, frostbite and skin diseases.

The leaves and tops of sage stems are harvested as medicinal raw materials, from which decoctions, extracts and essential oils are made.

Salvia officinalis - contraindications

Sage is an excellent remedy for many diseases, but it is not suitable for everyone. Plant preparations can cause allergic reactions, so a skin test must be performed before using them. Sage is contraindicated for women during pregnancy and breastfeeding: it can reduce the level of milk production, and sometimes the use of sage preparations leads to convulsions. Sage should not be used for epilepsy, severe cough and acute kidney inflammation.

In addition, it is unacceptable to take medications for more than three months, as this can lead to addiction and cause irritation of the mucous membranes. In any case, before using sage preparations, it is better to consult a doctor.

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Description of the plant

Like most perennial exotic flowers, only a few salvia flowers survive Russian winters. Therefore, mainly only annual varieties grow on the territory of the Russian Federation, while their parents are perennial.

The stem can reach over one meter in height, and is covered, like ears of wheat, with oblong inflorescences up to 20 cm long. The flowers themselves are either dazzling with hot red tones, or sparkling with cold blue and purple buds. There are also varieties with white flowers.