Sucker plant - what it looks like, popular types, features of care and planting, propagation rules

The unpretentious gooseberry plant can become a favorite on the site thanks to the unusual coloring of the foliage. The fruits of this popular garden shrub are famous for their beneficial properties, used to make a natural immunomodulatory, tonic and medicinal drug.

Description

Evergreen (like myrtle) or deciduous (hazel) trees or bushes. Most varieties are thorny. The leaves are short-petiolate, silvery with scales or felt-like with star-shaped hairs.

Flowers can grow singly or in bunches. Their shape is four-lobed, tubular-bell-shaped. Without petals with 4 stamens.

The fruit of a bush or tree is a berry. This is a drupe with an elliptical bone. The berry tastes sweetish.

Shrubs tolerate drought well. They are easy to care for and good honey plants. The soil where the sucker grows is enriched with nitrogen. This is explained by the fact that its roots contain bacteria that can accumulate and fix this element in the soil.

Fruit

Unripe berries have a greenish, silvery color, but when they ripen by October, they become bright ruby ​​red with small brown splashes. The size of the berries is up to 8 mm; the drupe fruits have an elliptical stone and a very sweet mealy pulp. The berries contain about 22% sugars, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B1, B2, E, C, and up to 7.5% fat. They contain malic, citric, and ascorbic acids. The umbrella elf is especially valued for its high yield of berries that ripen at the same time. The yield of one shrub, subject to agricultural technology, can reach up to 3-5 buckets of delicious juicy berries. The bush begins to bear fruit at the age of 8-9 years. The fruits can be consumed fresh or made into jellies, preserves, jam, wine and candied fruits.

Distribution and ecology

In the wild, a bush with the unusual name “sucker” can be found in the Caucasus, Ukraine, Central Asia, and Europe. In Russia, only 1 species is found - angustifolia (thin-leaved). This fruit plant has taken root in the south, in the southeastern zone of the European part of the country and in Siberia.

Prefers steppes and forest-steppes. Can grow on river banks. On the territory of Kazakhstan, on abandoned lands, there are entire thickets of sucker. They are called “tugai forests” and are very reminiscent of willow trees.

A wild shrub takes root in any land. Even on saline and depleted ones. Able to grow well in a city with poor environmental conditions. Tolerates polluted air well.

Where does the sucker grow?

Indian elk originally grew on the Hindustan Peninsula. In Russian vernacular, other names for the plant are also used - Chilean elk or Greek elk. However, only the first option, indicating the origin of the shrub, is considered correct. It gained wide popularity in Ancient China, where residents believed in its magical rejuvenating properties and also used it for medicinal purposes. The plant was first brought to Russia to the island of Sakhalin by the Japanese who migrated there, who began to grow shrubs and oleaster trees near houses as decoration.

Along with the Indian sucker, there are more than 40 species of representatives of the sucker family, and the most common include:

• narrow-leaved;
• barbed;
• multi-flowered;
• silver;
• umbrella.

The main areas of their growth are currently the southern part of Russia, Central Asia, Japan, China, the Caucasus countries, as well as the eastern zone of North America.

Meaning and Application

The shrub goes by several names:

• pshat;
• Armenian date;
• jida and so on.

Elf angustifolia and North American silver are actively used for landscaping parks and gardens. Pshat will look great next to any architecture. Some varieties are specially planted for landscape decoration.

The fruit of the sucker is edible. It can be eaten raw or dried. The berry is added to various dishes, decoctions and infusions are made from it.

Externally, the fruits resemble dates. They contain a lot of nutrients and beneficial substances:

• cellulose;
• phosphorus and potassium salt;
• tannin;
• 10% proteins;
• vitamins;
• up to 40% glucose.

Pshatin is made from berries. This medication helps against pathological conditions of the stomach and intestines.

In home medicine, oleaster fruits have also found application. With their help, they eliminate the symptoms of stomach disorders. Used as a complex treatment for cataracts. The decoction is used to treat colds, chills, and respiratory pathologies. For inflammation of the throat or mouth, rinsing with a decoction or infusion will help.

Dzhida, “Russian olive”, or Oriental sucker

Astragalus planting and care in open ground medicinal properties

This plant has several names, in Armenia - pshat, in Central Asia - jida or Bukhara jida, there are probably more, since its history is lost in the centuries, and the growing area is quite large. But, apparently, it never went beyond personal gardens and was never grown on an industrial scale.

Its fruits are ground into flour, which is added to flour products; flour serves as the basis for seasonings and is used in folk medicine. There is a legend that its sugar-rich and nutritious fruits were used by the Silk Road caravans in its northern part, instead of dates that did not grow in those places.

Since these fruits contain a large amount of dry matter and about 50% sugar, they are stored for a long time without loss of quality. To this day, scientists are engaged in a leisurely debate about the species status of this plant. Some researchers have counted up to five species of the genus Elf growing in Central Asia. Not so long ago, a scientist from the Botanika Scientific and Production Center in the city of Tashkent, Khaidarov H.K. conducted his research on the morphology and taxonomy of plants of the genus Elaeagnus, growing in Uzbekistan and neighboring countries. The conclusion of this scientist is that one species grows in this area, the eastern elk (Elaeagnus orientalis). It is closely related to Elaeagnus angustifolia, and perhaps together they constitute subspecies of the same species.

The fruits of suckers growing in Russia are in most cases white, very dry, but edible. True, the small amount of very tart “pulp” makes them practically unsuitable for consumption. In Uzbekistan and adjacent countries, oleaster fruits range in color from light brown to dark chocolate.

Plant habit and flower shape are highly variable. The fruits of the cultivated form of sucker are the size of a large date, their flesh is also mealy and brownish, but the taste is very sweet, with a noticeable tartness, their skin is chocolate-colored and shiny. They dry out easily due to the high content of dry substances, and since their sugar content is about 50% + tannins, which impart astringency, they can be stored in a dry place for several years. Soaked in water, they are little distinguishable from freshly collected ones.

I was not aware of any attempts to grow this crop in conditions even close to those of the middle zone. The first, according to my information, to harvest one of the Central Asian forms in the conditions of Samara was Sergei Lazurchenko. Wild forms of oleaster are often found in plantings that make Moscow green. These plants are planted for their beautiful silvery foliage, characteristic of many plants of the oleaster genus, and bright yellow flowers, which stand out effectively against a silver background and emit a strong, pleasant aroma.

From Sergei I received some fruits and several seedlings of a cultivated plant. At the moment I have 3 seedlings of this species. Of course, provided that it was possible to achieve fruiting of this crop in Samara, it requires wider testing in the Middle Zone. In my garden, the seedlings showed themselves to be quite winter-hardy and very, very demanding of light.

The angle of departure of the branches of the second order in two plants is acute, while they both grow as trees, the third seedling has the habit of a bush. The dying off of thin, annual shoots is a normal process for Eleven angustifolia, which makes its trees look sloppy in the spring. The wood is hard, but at the same time 'prickly', and if two powerful branches are left to grow at an acute angle, a break at the point of their connection is inevitable even without the load of the crop. Of course, coming from arid places, even considered there to be moisture-loving, the angustifolia oleagin in my garden suffers somewhat from excess moisture.

Returning to the subtitle of the article. “Russian olive” is the English name for Eleven angustifolia. Not knowing about the existence of a cultural form, the British, with some mockery (and all species of this genus are “olives”), called this plant this way - this is, they say, the kind of olives that grow in Russia. It is also impossible not to mention that the culture of this plant is gradually being forced out of Central Asia; even in traditional bazaars, sellers pass off its fruits as its fruits, which have long been used in the treatment of colds, as the fruits of a completely different plant - unabi. Unabi can grow in the climate of Central Asia, but in our country its cultivation is possible only in the extreme south of Russia.

Popular varieties

According to one source, there are 40 varieties in total. According to other sources, there are 98 species of shrubs and 331 varieties (including synonyms). The following varieties take root well here.

Umbrella type

This species grows in large numbers in Central Asia, as it does not tolerate low temperatures. If you plant a seedling at -5 C, it may take root. However, if the temperature drops to -10 C, the plant will definitely die.

The trunk can grow up to 4 meters. The shaggy head of foliage expands to 160 cm. The leaves are light green. In May, yellowish-silver buds bloom, which bees really like.

Berries usually appear on the tree when it reaches the age of 9 years. They are not oblong, round in shape. The fruits have beneficial properties.

Spiny species

Also called thornleaf. It is classified as evergreen. It grows up to 7 meters. The leaves have an oblong-elliptical shape with wavy edges. The greenery is silvery-brown below, and dark green and shiny above. Shoots may grow on the side branches and begin to cling to surrounding objects.

The flowers of the bush are silvery-white on top and golden in the middle. They appear in 2-3 pieces and smell very tasty. Fruits of a greenish-brown hue grow from the flowers. When ripe, they begin to turn red. Due to its amazing beauty, it is often grown for landscape design.

Multi-flowered species

It grows only up to 1.5 m, there are no thorns. Wood with brownish-reddish scales. The leaves are oval, slightly oblong. Silvery-scaly above, silvery-brown below.

In June, white flowers with a yellow tint appear. They look like a bell. Red berries appear in August.

Silver look

The homeland of this variety of bush is North America. There are no thorns on it. The leaves are leathery, with brownish scales underneath.

The flowers are yellowish-white. They bloom in the middle of the summer season and bloom for almost 20 days. A plant that is more than 8 years old begins to produce berries instead of flowers. They fully ripen by the first month of autumn.

The silver sucker, unlike other species, does not tolerate dry weather well. But it is more resistant to frost. The shrub grows very slowly.

Species angustifolia

Under natural conditions, this species is found on the coasts of rivers and lakes in Central and South Asia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and in the southern zone of the Russian Federation. It can also be called jida (the same tree, but grown as a cultivated tree).

Can grow up to 10 m up. Belongs to deciduous. Its bark is red-brown with silvery scales. The branches have spines up to 3 cm long, lanceolate leaves up to 8 cm. They are light green on top and silvery-white scaly underneath.

The flowers of the shrub are yellow on the outside, silvery on the inside. After 20 days, a fruit appears in place of the flower. It changes its color from silver to yellowish-brown.

The plant has a deep rhizome. In this regard, the shrub is resistant to drought and frost. It takes root well in large cities with poor ecology.

Family Elaeagnaceae

There are only 3 genera and about 55 species in the sucker family, distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. Suckers are trees and shrubs with a characteristic pubescence of corymbose scales or stellate hairs. Their leaves are alternate or sometimes opposite, like those of Shepherdia, on short petioles, entire and entire, evergreen or deciduous. All three genera are characterized by the presence of root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, due to which suckers can also grow on very poor soils. The flowers of the suckers are axillary, solitary, in few-flowered bunches or in short racemes. In the oleaster (Elaeagnus) the flowers are bisexual or polygamous (bisexual and male), while in the other two genera they are dioecious, very rarely bisexual. The perianth is represented only by a calyx, which is more or less tubular in bisexual and female flowers, and cup-shaped or almost flat in male flowers. The calyx is usually 4-lobed, but in sea buckthorn (Hippophae) it is 2-lobed. There are usually 4 stamens, but shepherdia has 8; the filaments of the stamens are very short, attached to the throat of the calyx tube. Usually inside the calyx tube there is a well-developed disc in the form of glandular projections alternating with stamens; In sea buckthorn, the disc is present only in male flowers. A single-carpel gynoecium with a long filiform style that ends in a capitate stigma. The fruit of the suckers is a nut enclosed in the remaining and expanded fleshy tube of the calyx. This formation is very similar to a drupe, but botanists consider it correct to call it a false drupe. A seed with a direct embryo and no endosperm or with a poorly developed endosperm. The flowers of oleaster and shepherdia are pollinated by insects, but in sea buckthorn they are most likely wind-pollinated. Unfortunately, the biology of pollination in suckers is almost unknown. As for the distribution of fruits, it is carried out by birds, and in the case of the oleaster also, possibly, by mammals. Sea buckthorn fruits are distributed both by birds and sometimes by water (rivers, mudflows).

The largest genus in the family is the elk (Elaeagnus) , numbering about 50 species. Several species of sucker are found in Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia and North America. But most species are common in East and especially Southeast Asia. One Asian species of sucker reaches North East Queensland. Types of oleaster are small trees and shrubs, deciduous or more often evergreen, often with thorns (reduced and modified branches). The evergreen species have leathery leaves and typically bloom in the fall and bear fruit in the spring. The leaves of deciduous species are not leathery; they bloom in spring and bear fruit in autumn. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in bunches, fragrant. The calyx is bell-shaped or cylindrical, silvery on the outside, yellow or white on the inside. False drupes are mealy, mostly edible. In the former USSR there are 5 species, growing in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae) , a genus of plants of the sucker family. 3 species growing mainly in the temperate zone of Eurasia. In the USSR (in the western and southern European parts, in southern Siberia, in Central Asia and the Caucasus) there is 1 species - O. buckthorn (N. rhamnoides). Shrub or tree up to 11 m high with thorny branches. The leaves are linear or linear-lanceolate, silvery with stellate-scaly pubescence. Flowers are dioecious, small; staminate - with a bifid perianth and 4 stamens, pistillate - with a tubular bilobed perianth. The fruits are drupe-shaped, with juicy fleshy pulp, as if clinging to the stem (hence, perhaps, the name). O. grows along the shores of seas, lakes, in floodplains of rivers, streams, on pebbles and sands, in the mountains at an altitude of up to 2100 m. O. is cultivated as a fruit and ornamental plant, as well as for fixing sands, landslides, slopes, ravines, for hedges. The fruits are rich in vitamins and are used to prepare tinctures, liqueurs, jams, and to obtain medicinal sea buckthorn oil, consisting of a mixture of carotene and carotenoids (180 mg%), tocopherols (110 mg%) and glycerides of oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. It is used externally for the treatment of burns, bedsores, radiation damage to the skin, and also internally for gastric ulcers. O. leaves serve as tanning raw materials.

The third genus of the sucker family is Shepherdia , distributed in North America from Alaska and Newfoundland to Northern Mexico. These are shrubs with opposite leaves, silvery pubescent below or on both surfaces and with oval or ovoid fruits 5-8 m long. Shepherdia grows along the banks of rivers. It is of some interest from a practical point of view. In addition to edible fruits, one of the species - Canadian shepherdia (S. canadensis) - is devoid of thorns. In addition, shepherdia gives excellent survival rate when grafted onto sea buckthorn.

The new crop, Eleven multiflorum, or gumi, is a representative of one of three genera of the Elaeaceae family, which are very close to each other: sea buckthorn, elk and shepherdia. In total, about 40 species are known in the genus Sucker, of which in the CIS (in Central Asia and the Caucasus) the angustifolia, oriental, silver and edible suckers are widely spread as fruit plants. Elf multiflorum is cultivated mainly on Sakhalin. Its homeland is Japan and China.

The fruits, like all suckers, contain biologically active substances, have medicinal properties and are recommended for gastrointestinal diseases, improve blood circulation, and have a tonic effect. In Japan, gumi is considered healing, restoring youth to people. Sucker fruits contain 15% dry matter, 9-14% sugars, 0.004-0.008% vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 0.05% pectin, 0.4% catechins. Phosphorus, potassium, and calcium salts were also discovered. Leaf leaves are also distinguished by their high content of ascorbic acid, especially in July - 0.25%. Ascorbic acid is also found in flowers - up to 0.15%. Features of biology. Gumi is a small shrub 1 - 1.5 m high. The leaves at the top are elliptical, entire, the leaf blade is silver-green on top, with a fluffy coating, and has dark brown scales below. The flowers are bisexual, drooping, regular in shape, very fragrant, and attract many pollinating insects. The fruits are oblong or oval, with blunt ends, densely dotted with silvery-white dots, 1-2 cm long, weighing 1.5-2 g. The color of the fruits changes as they ripen from green to yellow and red. According to different people, the taste of gumi resembles the taste of apples, grapes, cherries, currants, and bird cherry. The fruits taste very good when fresh. To prepare for future use, it is recommended to use them ground with sugar, preferably with the addition of some sour fruits, since gumi fruits are very sweet. The growing season begins in the second half of April, flowering - in the middle - end of May, fruit ripening - in late June - early July. The basis for high productivity of plantings is the correct choice of planting site. Gumi is planted in places protected from the wind. Low places are also not recommended for planting due to the accumulation of cold air there, and in the spring - stagnation of melt water. Elf multiflorum is characterized by high precocity of buds. During one growing season, plants form two or even three orders of branching. As a result, branched annual shoots are formed, and the crown thickens excessively. The generative buds of Elaeaceae multiflorum are fully formed already in the year of establishment. Plants have a very short dormant period - 30 days, after which they are ready to resume the growing season. An important biological feature of the root system of Elaeaceae multiflora, like shepherdia and sea buckthorn, is the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with root nodules. The flowers are bisexual, drooping, regular in shape, very fragrant, and attract many pollinating insects. The plant is an excellent honey plant. The fruits vary greatly in shape (from round to cylindrical), weight (0.7-2.1 g), and taste (from sweet to sour and tart). Planting and care. At the age of 10, the diameter of the crown of the sucker reaches 2-2.8 m, so the seedlings are planted according to the 4 X 2 m scheme. Plants are planted in holes with a diameter of 35-40 cm, pre-filled with fertilizers: 10 kg of manure mixed with the top layer of soil , 200-300 g of superphosphate. The above-ground part of the seedling is cut off before planting, leaving branches 25-30 cm high to obtain a branched bush in the first year. The root collar is deepened by 4-6 cm. After planting, the seedlings are watered abundantly. Caring for Eleven multiflora is similar to caring for sea buckthorn, but it is more demanding of soil fertility, moisture, and light. Loch requires regular loosening and watering. In subsequent years, when cultivating the soil for each square. m of tree trunk, add 10-12 kg of humus or compost, 100 g of superphosphate and 30 g of potassium salt. In the first 10 years, they limit themselves to sanitary pruning, removing frozen, shriveled and broken shoots. Subsequently, the bushes are partially thinned out and rejuvenated. With good care, the fruit yield from a 5-6 year old bush is 6-8 kg. Varieties and forms. Within the species, oleaster multiflorum plants vary sharply in habit, in particular the shape of the crown (from pyramidal compressed to highly spreading), the spine of the shoots, the shape and color of the leaves, the size and taste of the fruits. Forms with early- and late-ripening buds were identified. The multi-flowered oleaster is already on its way to our gardens. The first, and so far the only collection of the species - 465 specimens - was created at the Sakhalin Research Institute of Agriculture. The first varieties of this new crop have already been created here. 4 varieties are registered in the State Register. Three of them are selections from the Sakhalin Research Institute of Agriculture. In 1999, the Sakhalin First , and in 2000, the Moneron variety. In 2006, such gumi varieties as Krillon (also a variety of Sakhalin selection) and Taisa (Moscow selection) were zoned. The Crillon variety is a late ripening variety. The berries are medium, cylindrical, bright red, sweet, very good taste. Tasting score for fresh and frozen: 5 points. The berries are distinguished by a high content of vitamin C - 111 mg per 100 g of fruit. For comparison: the famous Antonovka contains 7-13 mg per 100 g of fruit.

Pests and diseases. The plant is resistant to pests and diseases. Growing planting material. Elf multiflorum propagates by seeds, layering and dividing the bush. The seeds (pits) differ from the seeds of other plants - they are grooved, elongated, in the form of “sticks”, narrowed towards the ends. Seed propagation is the simplest and most accessible for amateur gardeners, and although seedlings do not repeat the characteristics of the mother plant, deviations often occur in the direction of beneficial properties. After harvesting the fruits, two days later, the seeds are washed from the pulp and stored until stratification in paper bags in a cool room. In October, they are mixed with wet river sand or sawdust (also wet) and kept until sowing, buried in the soil at a depth of 20-30 cm. In winter, this place should have a snow cover of up to 1 m. A month before sowing, the seeds are dug up and scattered along with substrate in a thin layer on plastic film and constantly moisturize. Germinated seeds are sown in greenhouses, greenhouses or boxes in the apartment. With good care, seedlings grow to a height of 30-50 cm during the summer. They are carefully covered for the winter or, after a dormant period (30 days from the onset of stable negative temperatures), they are transferred to a heated room for growing. When the seedlings grow 3-4 shoots and the roots reach 20-22 cm, the plants are transplanted to a permanent place in the garden.

Homeland East Asia. A tree up to 2-4 m tall with flexible, outstretched branches that have thorns when young. It has beautiful silvery shoots and elliptical leaves. Fragrant flowers appear in July, the fruits are drupes with an elliptical stone and sweet mealy pulp. The plant is valuable because it simultaneously produces a huge harvest of bright red, very tasty berries. It bears fruit from 8-9 years of age, the fruits ripen in October. The plant is unpretentious, light-loving, drought-resistant, with good winter hardiness, a good honey plant. It is of interest as an ornamental plant. It tolerates shearing well, and when planted “on a stump” it produces abundant growth, which allows it to be used for creating hedges. Recommended for use in single and group plantings, on light edges, when creating contrasting groups.

Elk angustifolia (folk names: wild olive, dzhida, korga, zhiyda, kush zhiyda, jide, pshati, dzhicherdak, igda) is a tree-like shrub from the family of oleraceae with red-brown bark, large stem spines, narrow lanceolate leaves and small, strongly fragrant , with bright yellow flowers, is a good early honey plant. The fruits are oval, mealy, yellowish-brown drupes, shaped like an olive. The fruits have a sweet, mealy, slightly astringent taste. The plant reaches a height of 6m. It blooms in May-June, the fruits ripen in September-October. There are cultivars with mealy, brownish-brown fruits. In the wild, the sucker is found in forests and along the banks of reservoirs in the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia and Central Asia, and North America. As an ornamental and fruit plant, it is grown in gardens and parks, shelterbelts, and also grows along river banks and on the edges of forests. Loch is a very ancient cultivated plant. Cultural forms are devoid of thorns. There are many large-fruited varieties of this crop. These varieties are the result of centuries of selection. The fruits of the oleaster are astringent, very sweet, containing up to 40% sugar, consisting of glucose and fructose, and up to 36% tannin. In addition, they contain about 11% protein, organic acids, nitrogen and dyes, potassium and phosphorus salts. The bark and seeds contain alkaloids, and the leaves contain vitamin C (up to 350 mg%). The fruits are eaten raw or used in the preparation of homemade flour products, candied fruits, and delicious wines with a unique aroma. Fruits, leaves, and flowers are used for medicinal purposes. The fruits have anti-inflammatory, astringent, analgesic, diuretic, anthelmintic and enveloping effects and the ability to increase sputum production in diseases of the respiratory organs.

A small tree or shrub. The shoots are covered with golden scales. It has dense, oblong-ovate, shiny-silver foliage up to 10 cm long, which makes the crown of the plant especially decorative. The fruits are spherical, silvery drupes up to 1 cm long. A small tree or shrub. The shoots are covered with golden scales. It has dense, oblong-ovate, shiny-silver foliage up to 10 cm long, which makes the crown of the plant especially decorative. The fruits are spherical, silvery drupes up to 1 cm long.

Shepherdia silver is a particularly valuable crop, one of the few that are valued both for their beauty and for their very tasty fruits. However, despite the fact that this culture is valuable, it is, alas, not widely distributed. Even in amateur gardening, it is quite difficult to find its plants, but it is too early to talk about industrial scale. However, recently there has been a positive trend in consumer demand for the fruits of crops that have not previously been seen on the shelves. This trend has not spared shepherdia, because its fruits are rich in biologically active substances, have high nutritional and significant medicinal properties, and the culture itself is characterized by undemanding cultivation and ease of reproduction. Under natural conditions, this crop is found in North America, where it was first used as a fruit plant by the indigenous people - the Indians. They became more seriously interested in shepherdia relatively recently - in the twentieth century, then in the Canadian provinces they began to establish shepherdia plantations widely and in large volumes, and carried out selection by selecting the largest-fruited forms. Our great I.V. Michurin, who seriously believed that it would occupy a significant place in Russian industry, did not neglect shepherdia. His research regarding this crop and such far-reaching plans for it are not unfounded, because shepherdia fruits are a storehouse of vitamins, they contain up to 30% dry matter, more than 20% sugars, about 4% organic acids. The fruits are rich in catechins (more than 18%), tannins, they contain vitamin C, a considerable amount of it - about 250 mg%, P-active compounds. The well-known sea buckthorn, considered the queen of medicinal crops, falls short in comparison with the fruits of shepherdia. Without going into a retelling of all the benefits and advantages of the fruit, we will only say that in terms of the content of the most famous vitamin C, its fruits are several times superior to sea buckthorn! And if you consider that collecting shepherdia is incomparably easier, all that remains is to support the great breeder in his conclusions! Naturally, such valuable fruits in terms of the content of leukoanthocyanins, carotenoids, catechins and other substances essential for humans must simply be used for medicinal and preventive purposes. Shepherdia fruits help increase the strength and elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, this is very important because it sharply reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes. The fruits of this wonderful plant are used both fresh and dried, and processed products are prepared from them - jams, jellies, compotes, seasonings and tinctures. And as an ornamental plant, shepherdia, which attracts attention with its silver foliage and scattering of fruits, is often used. It decorates group plantings and makes a magnificent “edible” hedge. Shepherdia also feels good in urban conditions, breathes air consisting of dust and gas and is tolerant of haircuts. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Shepherdia silver belongs to the curious family of suckers and the genus Shepherdia, which unites 3 species. This culture can be equated to sea buckthorn or sucker, because the family is the same... The plant is quite promising and can be confidently recommended for introduction into cultivation; in its homeland (North America) it is loved and affectionately called “Nebraska currant.” Under natural conditions, shepherdia looks more like a tree than a shrub; how can you call a plant that often reaches more than 6 meters a shrub?! The plant is dioecious, so if you want to get fruits, you will have to create a “family”. It is possible to distinguish a “real man” from a “modest girl” shepherdia only by the buds, and even then only during the dormant period - as befits a man, the plant’s buds are much larger and rounder than the female ones. Flower buds, and therefore fruits, are formed on annual shoots, so by looking into the future, their length can be used to roughly estimate the harvest. The leaves are quite interesting - opposite, oblong-lanceolate, less often narrowly elliptical, silvery, reaching 6.5 cm in length. The shoots are barbed. Flowering, depending on the weather, begins at the end of April, or (more often) in mid-May; usually a temperature of 6... 8 oC is sufficient. It blooms for a relatively short time, up to 10 days. The flowers are unisexual, yellow, rather small, collected in short spike-shaped inflorescences, which are pollinated by insects. The inflorescences do not bloom at the same time, which is a good property during frosts, which are not uncommon during this period - only the blossoming flowers die, which preserves a significant part of the harvest. Ripe fruits are drupes, attractive red in color, weighing up to 0.6 g. Usually you can enjoy the fruits in August, less often in September, if the weather is not very hot. The ripe fruits taste sweet and sour, with a rather original taste and are completely devoid of the astringency inherent in unripe fruits; they vaguely resemble sea buckthorn fruits, but are much tastier and sweeter. Shepherdia silver is a very light-loving plant, quite winter-hardy and drought-resistant, undemanding to soil, environmentally flexible and does well in rather contrasting climatic conditions - in the middle zone, in the Urals, in the Volga region, Siberia and even in the Caucasus. A positive fact is that this crop is quite resistant to pests and diseases, which makes it possible to grow environmentally friendly products. Silver shepherdia begins to bear fruit already at the age of 5, and vegetatively propagated plants even earlier - in the 2-3rd year. The harvest is quite high, so a young plant can produce up to 5 kg, and an adult plant, with proper care, can produce up to 15 kg of fruit! Shepherdia is not characterized by periodic fruiting, and its productive age exceeds 50 years. ABOUT VARIETIES The selection of silver shepherdia is carried out quite seriously in Ukraine; several forms have been identified there that can rightfully be considered varieties; there are similar forms in the USA. The most promising direction of breeding work with this crop is considered to be combined crossings with sea buckthorn, the purpose of which is to create a plant that combines the positive properties of these crops, i.e., having oil content, productivity, large fruit, bright color, high taste, resistance to diseases and pests . AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY Shepherdia silver should be planted only in a well-lit place with soil that is deeply drained and has a sandy loam or loamy mechanical composition. Low-lying areas, especially those with close groundwater, should be avoided. There should be both male and female plants on the site, usually one male is enough for 4 females, the distance between the trees is left equal to 1.5-3 m. It happens that there is not enough space on the site, but you really want to feast on the fruits, in this case the male The plant can be grafted from a cutting into the crown of a female plant. If you have acquired two-year-old seedlings, then you need to prepare planting holes for them 60-70 wide and up to 50 cm deep, which are filled with soil from the top fertile layer. After planting, be sure to water, and then mulch with humus, peat or half-rotted manure with a layer of 3-5 cm. In the future, it is advisable to keep the tree trunk circles, even in adult plants, in a loose and weed-free state, a constant layer of mulch helps this. Considering that the root system of the plant lies rather superficially, soil cultivation should be carried out no deeper than 7-8 cm. Root shoots, of which quite a lot are formed, are removed, not simply by cutting them off at the surface of the soil, but by carefully digging out the ground and cutting them out from the horizontal root “on the ring” with sharp pruning shears. A few words about formation - usually the plant is formed in the form of a tree with a fairly low trunk (no higher than 40 cm) or (less commonly) in the form of a bush. Since the shoots grow quite quickly, the crown must be systematically thinned. To make it easier to care for the crown and harvest, it is periodically reduced, usually to a height of 2-2.5 m, this is done by shortening the vertical branches into lateral branches. As plants age, the annual growth becomes less and less, and after this, naturally, the yield also decreases, so approximately once every 3-5 years it is necessary to carry out rejuvenating pruning, shortening the main and lateral branches to 2-3-year-old wood. Such pruning, distinguished by its simplicity, helps to enhance shoot growth, increase productivity and increase the size of fruits. Ripe fruits are harvested in September; they are easily separated from the branch and therefore you can simply shake them off onto a film spread under the crown. The only inconvenience is the thorns on the branches.

Sea buckthorn belongs to the sucker family. It is a bush or small tree 4-15 m high. The branches are prickly, the bark of the branches and trunk is dark gray and wrinkled. The leaves are alternate, narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate, almost sessile, dark green above, silvery below. The plant is dioecious, the flowers are heterosexual. The plant bears fruit with female flowers, so for effective fruiting, at least one or two male trees should be planted between female trees for pollination. Flowers appear simultaneously with the growth of leaves. The fruits are golden yellow or orange, edible fleshy drupes, sitting on very short stalks. When there are a lot of berries, it seems that the fruits are stuck to the branches, which, apparently, served as the basis for the name of the plant. It blooms in April–May, and the fruits ripen in September–October. Cultivation The plant is light and heat-loving, but quite frost-resistant. Sea buckthorn is a dioecious plant, which means: some plants have only female flowers that produce fruit, others have male flowers (stamens), from which pollen comes to pollinate the female flowers. That is why in areas where bushes and trees are cultivated, Sea Buckthorn should be planted with about 10 female trees - one male. If the sea buckthorn garden is small, it is enough to graft a twig of a male tree onto the trunk of a female tree. The tree is unpretentious to soil conditions, but prefers light soils. Does not tolerate flooded areas, swampy areas, prefers neutral soils. In places where sea buckthorn grows, the groundwater level should not exceed 0.5 m. The best fertilizers for sea buckthorn are organic fertilizers - last year's manure, composts, and from mineral fertilizers - superphosphate. Sea buckthorn does not like nitrogen fertilizers. The plant is propagated by seeds, as well as by cuttings, prepared in the fall before the onset of severe frosts and kept at a temperature of 3-5 ° C, in sand or under snow. Sea buckthorn is most often propagated by root shoots if they appear at sites where the root system is injured. Caring for Sea Buckthorn consists of weeding and loosening the tree trunk circles to a depth of 7-10 cm, periodic feeding, watering and pruning. Chemical composition Sea buckthorn leaves contain coumarins, triterpene acids (ursolic, oleanic), vitamins B1, B2, B6, C, PP, inositol, folic acid, flavonoid compounds, serotonin. Significant amounts of serotonin are also contained in sea buckthorn bark. It is the presence of serotonin that determines the anti-radiation effectiveness of the plant. The pulp of sea buckthorn fruit contains fatty oil, the components of which are catechins and flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols, beta-sitosterol, phylloquinone, phospholipids, ascorbic and nicotinic acids, folic acid, serotonin, coumarins, organic acids (malic, tartaric, oxalic , amber). All parts of the plant are rich in phytoncides and tannins. Chemical composition of sea buckthorn fruits The composition depends on the variety, place of growth, and time of collection. The pulp of the fruit contains up to 8% fatty oil, in the seeds and seeds - up to 12%, up to 272 mg% of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The fruit oil is intensely orange in color and contains the amount of carotenoids (up to 300 mg%), vitamin E (105-160 mg%). The slightly yellow seed oil contains vitamin E (105-120 mg%) and a small amount of carotenoids. The pulp of the plant fruit contains vitamins B1, B2, C, E, K, P, carotenoids, folic acid, choline (50-110 mg%), betaine, coumarins, phospholipids (up to 1%), sterols (beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol up to 2%), triterpene substances, carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, fructose, pectin, polysaccharides), cyclitol quebrachite, serotonin, organic acids (tartaric, citric, malic, oxalic), phenolcarboxylic acids, flavonoids, leukoanthocyanins, tannins, macro — and trace elements (sodium, magnesium, silicon, iron, aluminum, calcium, lead, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, strontium).

Sea buckthorn fruits lack ascorbinase, which ensures good preservation of ascorbic acid. The seeds contain carbohydrates, pectin, organic acids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, steroids, phenol carbonic acids, higher fatty acids, vitamins C and E. The bark of the branches contains a significant amount of serotonin (hypophene), tannins (up to 10%). Sea buckthorn leaves contain vitamin C (up to 370 mg%), tannins. The healing properties of sea buckthorn The healing properties of sea buckthorn were also known to the Slavic peoples. In particular, the enlightener Kirill, who created Slavic writing, during his travels healed local residents using “red oil”. It must be assumed that this remedy, which he used to treat burns and wounds, was Sea Buckthorn oil, since it was it that had a characteristic intense red color. Sea buckthorn found its second birth in Russia in the 17th century. during the development of Siberia. Russian Cossacks, who found themselves in those harsh lands without the necessary medications, treated their wounds and strengthened their health with the help of Sea Buckthorn. Our ancestors quickly and correctly determined that the fruits and juice of sea buckthorn perfectly restore strength. And if the fruits are dried, poured into a pot with sunflower oil, and placed in a warm Russian oven overnight, then bright red Sea Buckthorn oil is formed, which, having invisible miraculous properties, heals even the most severe wounds. Sea buckthorn oil received recognition again in the 70s. XX century. Moreover, the technology of the 17th century was precisely preserved for its production. – prolonged heating of sea buckthorn fruits with sunflower oil. In a short time, this drug became very popular both in official medicine and in home recipes. Currently, a new, modern technology for the production of sea buckthorn balm has been developed, which makes it possible to almost completely preserve the natural healing components of this plant.

Planting and care

Planting must be done in the spring; in the fall the sucker may freeze. For seedling bushes, you need to select a well-lit place where no shadow is formed due to other vegetation. Planting must be done at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. This is necessary due to the growth of the crown.

The hole is dug based on the condition of the soil. For example, for clay soil - 50*50 cm. For ordinary soil - 40*40 cm. Pour a mixture of compost, humus with sand and turf, and superphosphate. The root is placed 4-6 cm deep in the soil and watered with water. In summer, fertilize the bush with humus or peat in dry weather, and feed it with manure.

Growing a bush does not require much time, but some agricultural technology is still necessary. The tree must be weeded and fed regularly. Organic fertilizers (approximately 20 kg) are suitable for this. Superphosphate 200-500 g and potassium salt 200 g are added to the fertilizer.

Branch pruning is required annually. It is recommended to do this in the spring. After reaching 15 years of age, rejuvenation is necessary. To do this, cut off 1/3 of the branches. With proper care, it will bear fruit for up to 25 years.

Caring for a sucker

For harsh climates, the winter hardiness of the ornamental fruit crop is not the most optimal, but the trees recover quickly. The bushes do not freeze under the snow, so for stable fruiting in the northern regions, the branches can be pinned to the ground with staples, forming a slate shape. At a young age, the common oleaster plant requires watering and is afraid of drought. Mature shrubs are less whimsical; the soil in the tree trunk circle needs to be moistened only during hot periods. In other matters, caring for a sucker is not very difficult.

Feeding the sucker

When planting, it is advisable to add humus with compost, ash and up to 200 g of superphosphate to the hole. There are enough nutrients for normal development throughout the season. In the future, the sucker in the garden is fed mainly with phosphorus-potassium preparations; thanks to the special structure of the roots, the plant is able to enrich the soil itself with nitrogen and does not require nitrates. From the third season, after flowering and in the spring, you can alternate the application of organic matter with liquid complex fertilizers.

Pruning sucker

This culture is relatively plastic and can be molded. It should be taken into account that the sucker bush produces more shoots when pruned heavily. If this process is not controlled, the plant will spread in width and the decorative value of the plantings will decrease. These operations are performed twice a season - at the beginning of autumn and at the beginning of the summer season.

Types of haircuts:

1. Sanitary
   – removal of dry and damaged growth.
2. Formative
   - pruning excess shoots in order to give the crown a decorative appearance.
3. Rejuvenating
   - when the bushes reach 15 years of age, radical pruning is recommended.

Reproduction

Reproduction occurs in several ways:

• Cuttings. Shoots must be cut after mid-June. Cuttings for propagation are taken with 2 or 4 leaves. They are kept in a root-stimulating solution for 14-16 hours, then planted.

Gardeners rarely choose this method, since no more than a third of the cuttings take root.

• Root layering. For this type of propagation, the lower strong branch is placed 10-15 cm into the furrow and covered with earth. After just a few months, roots of 5-15 cm appear, and the cuttings can be separated from the mother. Fruits on such a tree appear in 3-5 years of life.
• Seeds. It is best to sow in autumn. When sown in spring, most seedlings will germinate only the following year. The planted seeds are covered with leaves, humus or straw for the winter.

Reproduction by seed is considered the best and easiest. Such trees begin to bear fruit at 5-6 years.

Indian oleaster plant

It is also called pshat or Dzhida, a small tree or shrub, known among gardeners. Its popularity lies in the fact that it has medicinal properties, and oleaster wood is used in industry.

This is a tree-like shrub that has a twin brother in our area, called wild olive or angustifolia.

This plant can often be found in Japan, North America or China. There are more than 40 species.

Characteristics:

• Height from 3.5 to 7 meters.
• Silver leaves.
• Small yellow flowers look like tubes and have a pleasant aroma.
• The fruits of the plant are small, slightly elongated, reminiscent of sea buckthorn berries.
• The roots are superficial and spreading; they contain a lot of nitrogen, which accumulates throughout life.
• The sucker blooms in June, 15–20 days.
• The fruit ripens in August-September.
• Begins to bear fruit at 3–6 years of age.

The tree is popularly called Shrovetide willow, lokhovnik, silver tree, wild olive. According to the beliefs of ancient peoples, this plant protected homes from evil spirits. The inhabitants of ancient China revered the sucker because they believed that the plant had magical properties. They also believed that it rejuvenates the body and gives it strength.

Bladdershrub: cultivation and care

Areas of application

The leaves and fruits are used in the medical and cosmetic industries. The fruit contains a lot of potassium and phosphorus salts, amino acids and vitamins. Used fresh and frozen. The oleaster itself is planted as an ornamental plant in gardens and homestead plots.

The properties of the plant are used in various spheres of human activity. The wood is used to make musical instruments; the bark and leaves are used for tanning and dyeing fabrics and leather. The gum has adhesive properties and was previously used to make glue. Lokhovnik is a good honey plant with nutritional value and medicinal effects.

According to traditional medicine, the most valuable are berries. However, leaf, flowers, bark and resin are also used.

Fruit decoctions are used as an expectorant for respiratory diseases. Tinctures and decoctions are made from the flowers, which are used to treat scurvy, purulent wounds, and various gum diseases.

Decoctions and infusions from the leaves of Jida lower the temperature during fever, treat radiculitis, gout and rheumatism. The fruits have an effect on memory and help people who suffer from diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Planting and care

Dzhida reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively. But the roots produce layering only after two years, so it is better to propagate the plant by seed.

It is advisable to plant Jida in sunny places, light shade is possible. Seedlings are planted in mid-spring, when the growing season begins, at a distance of two to three meters from each other. And the seeds come at the end of autumn.

The planting hole should be 50 centimeters deep in diameter. Then a mixture of compost, sand, double superphosphate, nitrogen fertilizers, and wood ash is added there. The root neck of the tree goes 5–6 centimeters into the soil. In the first days, the seedlings are watered abundantly, then they will need moderate irrigation.

Growing, planting and caring for dogwood bushes

Among the main care recommendations it is worth highlighting the following:

• Plants are fed every year with organic and nitrogen fertilizers.
• Twice a year, diseased, broken and weak shoots are pruned.
• In autumn, Jida is fertilized with potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus.
• Young seedlings do not tolerate frost well and should be covered for the winter.
• Once every seven days you need to loosen the soil and get rid of weeds to which the plant reacts negatively.

Diseases and pests

The shrub is unpretentious in care, it is almost not attacked by pests and diseases. Rarely seen:

• philpostictosis;
• fusarium;
• cancer;
• drying out.

Philposticosis affects foliage. First, rounded gray and white spots appear. Over time they become larger. Diseased leaves wither and fall off and must be destroyed immediately.

Aphids cause damage to the tree. In isolated cases, a multi-berry leaf beetle or bug, rose and fruit budworms, pennies, weevils, flea beetles, and 28-spotted potato beetles were observed on the plant.

Aphids most often attack the tops of young shoots. After some time, the pest causes less harm, as it is destroyed by natural enemies. For example, the lacewing. To get rid of aphids, you can use the preparations Fitoverm, Trichopolum, Actofit and others.

Umbrella sucker: cultivation

All types of this crop are not too demanding to care for. The plant is drought-resistant, therefore it does not need watering; due to the fact that the roots penetrate deep into the soil, it is able to provide itself with moisture, and does not need feeding. The best place for planting is sunny and well protected from the wind. The shrub does not need formative pruning; only sanitary pruning is necessary. The only drawback of this type of sucker is its low frost resistance. When grown in the middle zone, it can freeze slightly, but with the arrival of spring it has the ability to recover. It is recommended to plant on the south side of the house, where the bush will be protected from cold northern winds.

Can it be grown in a garden plot?

As a rule, the following types of shrubs are grown in the garden plot:

• narrow-leaved;
• multi-flowered;
• umbrella.

Their fruits are eaten, decoctions and infusions are made. The berries of the angustifolia taste like the fruits of a palm tree. The umbrella bush is very prolific. The berries are juicy and can be consumed in any form. The most exotic is the multi-flowered variety. The fruits are sour-sweet, reminiscent of a mixture of apple, grapes, currants and dogwood.

The tree can be planted to improve the properties of the soil; it adds decorative value to plantings and responds well to the formation of the crown.

Sowing seeds

Seeds are sown in spring or autumn after a mandatory three-month stratification in peat or sand at a temperature of +5 °C. Treating seeds with heteroauxin, as well as removing seeds, reduces stratification time. Seed germination is quite high and amounts to 90-100%. The recommended depth for their embedding in the soil is 2-2.5 cm. It should be noted that summer or winter cuttings also root up to 90-100% when optimal conditions are created.

After emergence, the seedlings must be protected from direct sunlight for the first few days. Care consists of timely watering and weeding.

By the end of the first growing season, the seedlings reach 18-20 cm in height, the roots grow up to 6-8 cm in length. Plants can be planted in open ground next spring. When grown from seeds, the first harvest can be obtained after four years of age; maximum yields should be expected in the 8th year. The productive period of the sucker (photo below) lasts for 15-20 years.

Use in alternative medicine

Loch has the following medicinal, beneficial properties, which have found their use in unconventional methods of therapy:

• eliminates central nervous system problems;
• has a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
• recommended for use for diarrhea, colitis and other stomach pathologies;
• alleviates the symptoms of the inflammatory process in pathologies of the respiratory system;
• improves blood circulation, heart function, lowers intravenous pressure;
• has a calming effect, relieves insomnia;
• has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effects;
• when applied topically, it eliminates pain from radiculitis, osteochondrosis, and rheumatism;
• improves memory;
• relieves the symptoms of malaria;
• expectorant;
• diuretic.

In addition, the decoction is used in folk medicine to treat wounds.

Useful properties of berries

There are legends about the beneficial properties of the berry of the jida or oleaster tree. It has been used since ancient times in pharmacology, developing strong plant-based dietary supplements from the fruit. It is valued in cosmetology, dietetics, aromatherapy and other medical fields.

In ancient times, jida berries were used to treat malaria. Surprisingly, cases of miraculous healing from this terrible disease have been recorded.

Also, the berries of the jida tree can cure:

• lingering cough. Tannins and alkaloids of berries liquefy, and then help remove phlegm from the lungs and are approved for the treatment of even childhood upper respiratory tract infections.
• swelling, high blood pressure. Since the fruits have a pronounced diuretic effect, they help remove excess fluid from the body, causing blood pressure to gradually decrease;
• nervous shock, depression, stress, chronic fatigue. Magnesium calms the nervous system, a person sleeps better, rests faster and feels a surge of strength;
• diarrhea, indigestion, and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The unripe berries of the jida tree have a strong astringent effect, so that a handful of them stops stool and stomach problems;
• relieve pain and inflammation. Tannins have a slight analgesic effect and heal light wounds no worse than the famous plantain;
• heal vascular diseases. Since the berries of the jida tree contain vitamins C and P at the same time, their combination is considered a gift for blood vessels. Microelements give elasticity to blood vessels, which strengthens the cardiovascular system and prolongs human life.

In terms of value, the unpretentious and inconspicuous berries of the jida tree are equated to eleutherococcus, golden root, ginseng and other plants that restore vitality and energy to a person.

Agree, few people realize what a storehouse of microelements grows right in our yards and parks, hidden in the seemingly inconspicuous fruits and dates of the jida tree.

Sucker in landscape design

The tree looks simply magnificent: as if a waterfall of shiny foliage is flowing. Due to this appearance, the shrub is actively used for decoration in landscape design.

Due to its active root growth, silver elk is not well suited for hedges, but its hardiness and undemanding nature allow designers to use trees and bushes on city streets and highways.

In gardens and parks, oleaster is planted both individually and in compositions, for example, with coniferous bushes.

Medicinal properties of wild olive and method of its harvesting

In addition to vitamin C, fruits contain vitamin P up to mg per gram of pulp with a daily requirement of about 50 mg. Both vitamins C and P work great together.

Flavonoid P enhances the effect of ascorbic acid C. And these are not all useful substances. Along with vitamins C and P, the pulp contains B vitamins B1, B2, B5, trace elements - iron, iodine and cobalt, copper and manganese.

It has been proven that 15 berries eaten daily during the season provide significant relief from various ailments.

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If it is not possible to consume fresh fruits, they can be used dried. Ripe berries, picked from the tree, are simply eaten throughout the day.

Compote made from fresh berries has healing properties. The drink even helps with a hangover. However, you can also make preparations for the winter. In addition to berries, the flowers of the tree and its leaves will have a healing effect.

Flowers are collected during the flowering period, when all the buds have opened, and leaves - at the beginning of summer, when they have not yet lost their virgin freshness. To speed up the drying process, both flowers and leaves are dried in the oven at a low temperature not exceeding 60 degrees C.

If possible, it is better to dry fruits naturally - in a warm place under a canopy, not in open sunlight. Active ingredients.

The fruits contain sugars, organic acids, tannins, fat, nitrogenous, mucous and coloring substances. The fruits have an astringent, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and enveloping effect and the ability to separate sputum in diseases of the respiratory tract.

Medicinal properties. The most important property of lobeline is its ability to stimulate the respiratory center during asphyxia in newborns, poisoning with drugs and gases, when restoring breathing in drowning people and in other cases when it is necessary to stimulate breathing. Unlike other analeptics, such as caffeine and phenamine, lobelia preparations act selectively on the body. The time of action of lobeline on the respiratory center is very short - this is mainly a reflex action associated with stimulation of the carotid sinus artery.

Having a direct effect on the respiratory center, lobelia in small doses simultaneously excites the nerve centers of the respiratory organs and the vital centers of the medulla oblongata, therefore, when taken, rapid breathing and a decrease in blood pressure are observed.

Shelter for the winter

Note that the shrub can quite easily tolerate long-term cooling down to -5 °C, short-term cooling down to -10 °C, however, the apical shoots may be damaged. In those regions where temperatures are relatively low, Elefon umbellata bushes planted in open plantings must be protected from frost. In late autumn, the bushes must be bent to the ground and covered, for example, with burlap or buried. When cultivating shrubs in frost-free conditions, oleaster is an evergreen plant, while in other conditions it is semi-deciduous.

Several recipes

The berries of “Russian olives” or Bukhara jida are used in cooking. For example, flour is made from it - this is very fashionable among lovers of a raw food diet and, in principle, adherents of a healthy lifestyle. Housewives from Central Asia make jam from it, which they add to cakes. In Taman, sweet soups with berries are desserts prepared from ripe fruits, removing the seeds. Busy housewives can simply freeze the berries and then brew them into tea, or collect already dried jida berries to make light infusions. There are dozens of recipes for preparing berries. Here you can fantasize at your own discretion.

The main rule for all residents of central Russia is to collect fruits in environmentally friendly places.

Parking away from highways and courtyards where there are few cars. And it’s even better to plant a tree on your personal plot - Jida takes root everywhere and doesn’t require any care. But all summer and early autumn, you will enjoy pleasant and tasty fruits that will nourish you with strength and health for a long time.